tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-52206092024-03-16T13:49:46.531-05:00fringe journalWriting by Susan Smith Nash, with podcasts. Works include poetry, creative writing, memoirs and writing from various places, literary theory, humanities, and responses to film, texts, and placessusan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.comBlogger125125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220609.post-86158923832713630772024-03-16T11:47:00.003-05:002024-03-16T11:47:51.313-05:00Marcel Duchamp, Leonardo da Vinci, and Challenging Aesthetic Traditions of Art<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">By putting a moustache on the Mona
Lisa, Duchamp, along with the Futurists and the DaDaists of the early 20th
century, questioned the authority of the elite and the prevailing dominant
groups in society to set the rules about what can be considered "art"
or "high culture." This questioning had started in the 19th
century, with the Realists daring to challenge the established conventions by
putting poor people (the gleaners, for example) on a large canvas - a size
reserved for "historical" scenes -- heroic or religious. The
Impressionists continued the interrogation of tradition (and the hegemony of
"royal societies" and other organizations to dictate what was
considered to be "good" or "real." <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;">What I think is a bit ironic of the public's reaction to
Duchamp's questioning of the dominant culture's stranglehold on
"taste" and "beauty" and what it means for something to be
considered "art" is that Leonardo himself was an iconoclast and not a
paragon or the apotheosis of conservative, elitist ideas about art, and the
appropriate subjects of art. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;">If you take a close look at his famous painting,
"The Last Supper," you will see significant deviations from earlier
work, say, from medieval times. Through his placement of Jesus, the
disciples, the sacraments, etc. and his use of light and color, he is
incorporating Renaissance and humanist values, moving away from the rigid
iconography of the medieval cosmology (derived from strict, hierarchical
relations). If you want to see the perfect illustration of a medieval
mindset, and notions of hierarchy (and hence legitimacy), think of the Great
Chain of Being, or the layers in Dante's Inferno (and similarly, the rounds in
Purgatory and Paradise). <o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;">So what could possibly have been subversive about
Leonardo’s “La Gioconda / The Mona Lisa” at the time he painted it? First, let’s
take a look at what Lisa Gherardini, the wife of the silk merchant and the
mother of his five children, known now as La Gioconda, is wearing. It was the norm
for a wealthy man who was commissioning a painting of his wife to make sure she
was adorned with all the best family jewels and pearls in their possession.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After all, this painting was intended to
document their prosperity and well-being. So, let’s take a look. Do you see any
jeweled hair pieces, dangling pearl and garnet earrings, bejeweled necklaces,
rings, or bracelets? No. Neither do I.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Do you see fancy furs, fur trimming, plush velvets, or fancy gold
embroidery?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No. Neither do I. <o:p></o:p></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinKaFQhyphenhyphen5UTWWkykbeOsFzsjWGg67pD8y3TFJi86l-mu6iY2323qrKNyMBgW-Va5mKFG3vXxMaGxauoGwngqDQzF-gVZ2M_VSDUTgfb0wj4FzXvnVjQs4jmt9Ev0isKHLGMn_SNApvsvH_dBMjPgM7mOo1ks4YPtmbd3Fwbw6NUTnNIfHTF1lQ/s1192/Mona_Lisa,_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci,_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1192" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinKaFQhyphenhyphen5UTWWkykbeOsFzsjWGg67pD8y3TFJi86l-mu6iY2323qrKNyMBgW-Va5mKFG3vXxMaGxauoGwngqDQzF-gVZ2M_VSDUTgfb0wj4FzXvnVjQs4jmt9Ev0isKHLGMn_SNApvsvH_dBMjPgM7mOo1ks4YPtmbd3Fwbw6NUTnNIfHTF1lQ/s320/Mona_Lisa,_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci,_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" width="215" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci (image from Wikipedia)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p style="margin: 0in;">Finally, where is Lisa Gherardini, La Gioconda, sitting? She’s not in a palatial garden in front of an
elaborate fountain, and nor is she in a room or an alcove where you might see ponderous
Doric columns suggesting she is in a palazzo or a large villa. Instead, she is
seated in front of a landscape so complicated that it seems to be a dreamscape
or even something from a medieval notion of reality, even something you might
imagine as a part of Dante’s Purgatory – winding roads requiring the presence
of a virtuous woman, Beatrice, to guide you to eventual portals of Paradise.</p><p style="margin: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;">Wives were to be the repositories of virtue in the
Renaissance household.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As such, they
needed to behave in a certain way. Renaissance theorist Leon Battista Alberti asserted
that young women should maintain self-restraint and a “grave demeanor.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mona Lisa’s smile flies in the face of that
admonition. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;">Nor is the Mona Lisa beautiful.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Beauty was related to virtue, following not
only Greek ideals, but also those of Petrarch and other Renaissance
writers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The woman’s beauty was assumed
to lift a man up and unite him with the sphere of all beauty and perfection,
which was God. La Gianconda has regular features, but she looks nothing like
the paintings of other Renaissance artists, such as Botticelli, whose paintings
of “A Young Woman” and of Aphrodite rising from the sea, perfectly represent
the kind of transcendent beauty capable of lifting up the mind and spirit of a
man and achieving unity with the divine sphere (and the source of divine
knowledge, the making of intuitive knowledge). <o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;">So, the Mona Lisa’s smile is subversive, and her plain
looks do not elevate. In that sense Leonardo subverts the notion of what kind
of emotion a painting of a woman is supposed to elicit – either a serious
regard for the embodiment of virtue, or a vertiginous flight of the mind to
ideas of eternal, divine beauty, and by extension, knowledge and understanding.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;">How is the Mona Lisa posing?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She is not seen in profile or looking straight
on to the painter or viewer. Instead, one shoulder is ahead of the other, and
she’s seen in three-quarter view. This pose, new in the Renaissance era, draws
the eye in, and makes the subject seem more approachable. The Mona Lisa was one
of the first to have the sitter relaxing with her hand resting on her arm,
which is on the arm of a chair.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;">There is a rare intimacy in the portrait, to the point
that it is almost as though she is asking you to talk to her, and also
accompany her as she takes you though life’s winding pathways, depicted in the fantastical
landscape behind her. <o:p></o:p></p>susan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220609.post-74569528919679597652022-12-22T13:08:00.006-06:002022-12-22T13:08:00.150-06:00A Conversation with Rochelle Owens about Patterns of Animus (2022)<p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228;">Audio Recording of interview with Rochelle Owens over Patterns of Animus: <a href="http://www.zenzebra.net/audio/rochelle-2022-12-07.mp3">http://www.zenzebra.net/audio/rochelle-2022-12-07.mp3</a> </span><span face=""Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5duYlWFGo67Ngmis5JRKDjffm4xgbKBiTf1SW59_9ANlXj-9RClfdhnRk7cfNTSbx6yoFPYgDacnwpbyoQYLiTq2VoQdWmOoMoFqXJKRAiqg_xKjygT7saZ_QK01avxRwpsKLU1bLKfxamZzskTNvkcN8vOiNr6PJrHk3s5rmHsx79_gQAg/s1200/patterns%20of%20animus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Rochelle Owens Patterns of Animus" border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="1200" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5duYlWFGo67Ngmis5JRKDjffm4xgbKBiTf1SW59_9ANlXj-9RClfdhnRk7cfNTSbx6yoFPYgDacnwpbyoQYLiTq2VoQdWmOoMoFqXJKRAiqg_xKjygT7saZ_QK01avxRwpsKLU1bLKfxamZzskTNvkcN8vOiNr6PJrHk3s5rmHsx79_gQAg/w400-h210/patterns%20of%20animus.jpg" title="Rochelle Owens Patterns of Animus" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rochelle Owens: Patterns of Animus</td></tr></tbody></table></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; white-space: pre-wrap;">Speaking to Rochelle Owens is always a pleasure because she sheds insight on her work and discusses some of the themes and philosophical constructs that animate it. </span></p><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; white-space: pre-wrap;">
Welcome to an interview with Owens, where she reads from her new long poem, “Patterns of Animus,” and chats with Susan Nash about her work and interests now and in the past.
“Patterns of Animus” appears in her collection of the same name, which also contains a series of essays written about her earlier work.
To purchase <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Patterns-Animus-Poetry-Accompanying-Reviews/dp/1945784121/ref=sr_1_1?crid=TFYFXPB2KKCA&keywords=rochelle+owens+patterns+of+animus&qid=1671728907&qu=eyJxc2MiOiIwLjAwIiwicXNhIjoiMC4wMCIsInFzcCI6IjAuMDAifQ%3D%3D&sprefix=rochelle+owens+patterns+of+animus%2Caps%2C107&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Patterns of Animus</a> or to read free on Kindle, click <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Patterns-Animus-Poetry-Accompanying-Reviews/dp/1945784121/ref=sr_1_1?crid=TFYFXPB2KKCA&keywords=rochelle+owens+patterns+of+animus&qid=1671728907&qu=eyJxc2MiOiIwLjAwIiwicXNhIjoiMC4wMCIsInFzcCI6IjAuMDAifQ%3D%3D&sprefix=rochelle+owens+patterns+of+animus%2Caps%2C107&sr=8-1" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; white-space: pre-wrap;">
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</span></div>susan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220609.post-46849051196405847272022-12-21T13:22:00.002-06:002022-12-27T11:14:19.057-06:00A Conversation with Rochelle Owens on The Aardvark Venus (2020) <p> <span face=""Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228;">Audio Recording: <a href="http://www.zenzebra.net/audio/rochelle-2022-12-08.mp3">http://www.zenzebra.net/audio/rochelle-2022-12-08.mp3</a></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Rochelle Owens has been writing and publishing poetry since the early 1960s, and now her early work is available together with recent work (from 2020) in a single volume, </span><i style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The Aardvark Venus: Selected Poems 1961 - 2020.<span class="yiv9799913084ydp5d3db8aaApple-converted-space"> </span></i></p><p class="yiv9799913084ydp5d3db8aap1" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Welcome to an interview with Rochelle Owens, who chats with Susan Nash about her work, the philosophical ideas that have influenced her.<span class="yiv9799913084ydp5d3db8aaApple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="yiv9799913084ydp5d3db8aap1" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="yiv9799913084ydp5d3db8aaApple-converted-space"><br /></span></p><p class="yiv9799913084ydp5d3db8aap1" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="yiv9799913084ydp5d3db8aaApple-converted-space">To purchase a perfect-bound paper copy, or to read it on Kindle, please click <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Aardvark-Venus-Selected-Poems-1961/dp/1945784113/ref=sr_1_fkmr0_1?crid=TC7F6WLTAVU3&keywords=rochelle+owens+aardvark+venus&qid=1671731460&sprefix=rochelle+owens+aardvark+venus%2Caps%2C102&sr=8-1-fkmr0" target="_blank">here</a>. </span></p><p class="yiv9799913084ydp5d3db8aap1" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="yiv9799913084ydp5d3db8aaApple-converted-space"><br /></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3aM57XPcYz4CjOnLJucxwZa-jD85CSAJNAWKH8cPtVZh4Tw8D980diT3J8Xo0YAQH8mO6rcjuvtv15ENPG3qoVioi3Plg6CCYhcEjIQu0uRc29wj9-zhYQgcCsAbIcOatqsR8pWG2R5is0t18xmFQV5hehym8-xVHekye7V455AhIWBQq4w/s1200/aardvark%20venus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="1200" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3aM57XPcYz4CjOnLJucxwZa-jD85CSAJNAWKH8cPtVZh4Tw8D980diT3J8Xo0YAQH8mO6rcjuvtv15ENPG3qoVioi3Plg6CCYhcEjIQu0uRc29wj9-zhYQgcCsAbIcOatqsR8pWG2R5is0t18xmFQV5hehym8-xVHekye7V455AhIWBQq4w/w400-h210/aardvark%20venus.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Aardvark Venus, by Rochelle Owens</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="yiv9799913084ydp5d3db8aap2" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><div><span class="yiv9799913084ydp5d3db8aaApple-converted-space"><br /></span></div><p><span face=""Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 13px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p>susan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220609.post-80625833907797910342022-11-29T23:13:00.010-06:002022-12-02T12:09:54.870-06:00Oklahoma Sanitarium Company, 1895 - Reputed to be VERY haunted<iframe allow="autoplay" frameborder="no" height="300" scrolling="no" src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/1394446300&color=%23ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&show_teaser=true&visual=true" width="100%"></iframe><div style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Interstate, "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Sans", Garuda, Verdana, Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-weight: 100; line-break: anywhere; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; word-break: normal;"><a href="https://soundcloud.com/beyondutopia" style="color: #cccccc; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="beyondutopia">beyondutopia</a> · <a href="https://soundcloud.com/beyondutopia/hope-hall-1" style="color: #cccccc; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Hope Hall 1">Hope Hall 1</a></div><a name='more'></a>Two wide-release, big-budget movies filmed in Oklahoma will be released in 2022. First is the series on Paramount, Tulsa King, featuring Sylvester Stallone. I watched the first episode. It was free. I’m not sure I want to pay $10 / month for a Paramount subscription. Oklahoma is doing a great deal to try to attract companies to film in Oklahoma and to hire Oklahoma talent. I hope it works. <p></p><p>Oklahoma would be a great location for horror films. Norman, Oklahoma, would be a perfect location for a new sort of horror film – not one designed just to shock, disgust, or startle, but one that would trigger compassion and a more open and inclusive view of history and the people we tend to hide and make invisible. </p><p>In 1948, Daily Oklahoman journalist Mike Gorman published Oklahoma Attacks its Snake Pits in the Reader’s Digest Condensed Books. It was based on a long series of articles he had written about Norman, Oklahoma’s Central State Hospital, founded originally in 1895 as The Oklahoma Sanitarium Company, which took over the buildings first occupied by High Gate College, a Methodist women’s college founded in 1890, but quickly overshadowed by The University of Oklahoma. The book shocked its readers and Gorman went on to write another book which is available online, but originally published in 1956. Entitled Every Other Bed, it detailed mental health practices and patient care in mental hospitals throughout the United States. It was a strong criticism of the mental health care, and it perpetuated the notion that “insane asylums” were “snake pits” where there was rampant abuse. Central State Hospital tried to fight back by filming a very detailed documentary in 1953, which focused on how benevolent and kind-hearted the mission of the hospital was. It featured photos of mental health patients in rehabilitation activities such as working on farms and in bakeries. We were not treated to any scenes of electroconvulsive shock therapy, ice bath shock-to-the-system therapy (cold showers but taken to an extreme), sedation by Thorazine, or lobotomies. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0SALBqlBoo-pXChyrKj7GiVuqY_sqCULN-IBnOfYW53JZvWENd07OH74zwJQfL74jLlhWF00w7leGWRUXqAYB3EG_92fIs4_5Ok4OKh5ra2qbN0JW-VuRRd0r0kp0oxCSipQ0wod8vFu52vNdnrC0eoU5OawVZC9q25ublDKYciZxK7edMw/s1380/sanitarium.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1035" data-original-width="1380" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0SALBqlBoo-pXChyrKj7GiVuqY_sqCULN-IBnOfYW53JZvWENd07OH74zwJQfL74jLlhWF00w7leGWRUXqAYB3EG_92fIs4_5Ok4OKh5ra2qbN0JW-VuRRd0r0kp0oxCSipQ0wod8vFu52vNdnrC0eoU5OawVZC9q25ublDKYciZxK7edMw/w400-h300/sanitarium.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Oklahoma Sanitarium Company, established 1895 -- Hope Hall</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Dr. Griffin founded the Oklahoma Sanitarium Company as a for-profit endeavor. It was envisioned as a cheaper alternative than shipping the “insane” and “mentally defectives” to a sanitarium in Illinois where it was necessary to pay $25 per month per patient for their room, board, and care. If they could take care of Oklahoma’s mentally ill, they would have a profitable, sustainable, ongoing business model. </p><p>It worked well, but there were a few bumps in the road. First was a dreadful fire in 1915 which resulted in many deaths, partly because the wood walls and stairs were soaked in paraffin for sanitary reasons. I guess it was designed so that human excretions would not soak in. No one knew how many patients perished, or even exactly who they were until a study was conducted in 2015 using ground-penetrating radar. They found a mass grave with 39 boys’ bodies on the grounds, and after doing research, they found that they were between the ages of 10 and 15, and had been sent to live at the hospitals because they had what we would now call “Intellectual Disability Disorders.” I would imagine that would include kids with Down’s Syndrome, extreme autism, very low IQ, etc. It’s very sad, and I can only imagine how it was in those days – having an “idiot” child was considered such a tremendous stigma. So sad. I wonder if those little boys ever felt any love poured out toward them in their young lives. How could the mother give up on them? I don’t mean to judge – it would be hard at any point in time. </p><p>The hospital rebuilt and expanded with stunning brick buildings with wrought iron and Corinthian pillars, as well as a gorgeous chapel. The largest of the buildings was named Hope Hall. The goal was to try to help the patients who were deemed to be able to improve and to protect the more extreme cases from being a harm to themselves and/or to others. In 1953, there were 3,200 patients living there, and at least 500 employees. It was considered a small city and even had its own power plant, water supply (wells), cannery, bakery, farm, butchery, dairy, and laundry. Obviously, there would be doctor’s offices and pharmacies as well. </p><p>When I was a child, my Uncle Gene’s wife, Sylvia, was committed to Central State. Uncle Gene was an electrical engineer and a bit of a geek. I am sure he drove her to a state requiring hospitalization. Perhaps she was “out of hand.” When I was an undergraduate, I knew a guy who worked there as an orderly. Apparently, it was true that on a full moon, there would be restlessness. Missives from a patient who claimed he an emissary from God would come to my dad’s office. I was always asked to write a polite response. In the 1960s, you could not enter the grounds without being allowed in by a guard at the gate. </p><p>I think it would be an amazing to put together a ghost story / horror series with patient stories: </p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Young intellectually disabled children who died In the fire</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Elderly suffering from dementia (or greedy relative syndrome)</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Extreme depression</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Criminally insane (although Vinita had most of them)</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Paranoid schizophrenia</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Delusional disorder</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dipsomania (old term for alcoholism or violent cravings for alcohol)</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Native Americans who violated cultural norms (and who may have had guardians for their oil and gas interests)</p><p>Each person’s story would be quite different, but there would be a common thread. I think there should be at least two story arcs, perhaps three. I can work those out. </p><p>Here are a few ideas for the title of the series: </p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Asylum</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oklahoma Sanitarium Company</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hope Hall</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hospital Lake (not really appropriate because little would happen there)</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Griffin Memorial (would be interesting although not accurate to include gryphons)</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Echoes at Dawn</p><p>Probably Hope Hall would be the best. It’s an actual place, and not a title that has been used many times before. It is hard to tell from the photo, but the building is very large and has three Corinthian pillar entrances. Notice the barred balconies. It is probably a good idea, but rather scary. </p><p>What makes mental illness so scary? I think that there are one or two obvious reasons – </p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lack of socialization & refusal to conform to social norms (and thus unpredictable)</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lack of contact with common points of reference, hence it’s hard to communicate or relate</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dehumanization – lack of markers that identify one as a human being – the half-human/ half-beast concept can be profoundly disturbing</p><p>The concept of community mental health care (outpatient, medication) took over and now the old residential “insane asylums” stand empty. Granted, the therapies were cruel. But is it better now in 2022 for the mentally ill? As one article put it, in Oklahoma, the county jails are the mental health facilities, and they are woefully inadequate and unprepared. I’d say that homeless encampments are the ersatz, DIY insane asylums, but with self-medication and drug dealers acting as community mental health doctors. It’s horrible. I’d rather see people have opportunities to live in clean, regulated environments with the opportunity to work (farm, dairy, bakery, etc.). But, the majority would probably prefer squalor. Mentally ill people prefer their ”freedom.” But, what is “free” about addiction? </p><p><br /></p>susan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220609.post-66950204300553594112022-11-29T23:10:00.000-06:002022-11-29T23:10:08.586-06:00HOPE HALL: First Episode - Oklahoma Sanitarium Company -- Fire: April 13, 1918<p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">13-year-old Julieta
Klehrmorgan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Moved to Norman, Oklahoma<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dad is an engineer, mom a
geologist – <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">both love Julieta, but are chronically
worried and self-absorbed<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Julieta likes to explore<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mysterious traffic circle at
the end of Main Street<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Twirl <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>twirl <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">take the second outlet <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Follow the road, weeks pushing
up from cracked asphalt<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The block-long three-story red
brick Prairie Corinthian <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">An abandoned psychiatric
hospital, an “asylum”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Boarded up, a time capsule shivering
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">with its own knowledge - <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Julieta peers into windows,
sees the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">No Trespassing Sign on door… <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">but the door opens, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a boy around 12 waves to her
to come in. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Slender, wearing khaki pants, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sky blue button-down shirt <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(or chambray)?, leather shoes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dark, straight hair, round
face – <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Walks through the door … slips
down stairs – <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">now in new dimension<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">new wood building, smells like
oil<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">She touches the wood – it
feels like a candle<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Windows have metal bars<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Through the window, she sees tall,
uncut prairie grass, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">cedar trees, and a large pond<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A couple of people are on
horseback<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">An apple orchard is in bloom<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In a room, boys are seated
around a table <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sorting colored blocks to put
in small boxes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">They seem to be wooden toys of
some kind<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The boys are sorting, grouping<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Some are able to move smoothly<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Others have limited range of
motion<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">One is making grunting noises<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Another, round face, lashless
eyes, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a perfect “O” for a mouth<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Partial to the red blocks<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A small blonde boy keeps
standing up on his chair<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Another, pensive,
hunched-over, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sorting, sorting, sorting<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Julieta picks up a block <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wonders, does it, too, feels
like a candle?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">She thinks “no” – <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Just a regular block of wood,
sanded smooth<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Painted even smoother…<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Through the window, the sun is
starting to set…<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Night<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Night<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Evening prayers. Pray for
today <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pray for the fading memory of
a mother’s embrace<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pray for roommates sleeping in
iron cots, boys <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sleeping under identical wool
blankets <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">soft, crisp white sheets<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4 am, Saturday, April 13, 1918<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The boy gestures to Julieta, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Look through the barred
third-floor window<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Thunder growls in the distance<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Flash of lightning, crack and
rattle of thunderclap<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Old, twisted, half-dead cedar
tree bursts <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Showers of sparks and
crackling flames<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gust front in a savage Derecho<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bends the limbs, strips the blossoms
from the tree<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fans the sparks like bellows
into a small flame <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">On a dark, cold night<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Flames tear through the dry
pampas grass<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Eating their way to the
dormitory building<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The walls feel like candles<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The floor sealed in wax<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Screaming, shouting, rattling
of keys<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Windows open, but bars built
into the frame<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Doctors, nurses, night guards
screaming, shouting<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Boys run down the only
corridor<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To the only stairwell<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Paraffin snapping, sparking,
crackling <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yellow-orange unstoppable
passion<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">L.T. Hawes running through
flames<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Unlocking doors, hoping
against hope, and <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The guard shielding two little
boys with his body<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">One boy clasping a block from
the day before<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The ones able to talk sobbing
for their mothers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The deaf-mute wide-eyed<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Downs Syndrome boys
suffocating while they slept<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Another guard with blanket
over hands on fire-hot bars<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Trying to worry them out of
the wood frame<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But then the smoke<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Acrid wool, cotton, paraffin
and oak<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Clouds inside<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Clouds outside <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The deadly Derecho with its drenching
rain<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Put out the fire with water<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">From the same anvil clouds
that hammered <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">and sparked the cedar with a
jagged streak of lightning<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Days later after paper
telegrams and letters delivered<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mothers, fathers, brothers,
sisters<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mute with guilt and grief: silent,
heaving shoulders<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Regretting believing Dr.
Griffin’s promises – a brand new treatment<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">For their child who could not
mentally advance, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Or the ones who would not
speak, would not look in the eye<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Long, protracted tantrums,
hour after hour <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Riding on their wooden rocking
horse <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Or simply rocking, rocking,
rocking back and forth<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Could they have been helped
after all at home?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">More prayers? More pleading?
More bargaining with God? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Night<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Night<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But by day the headlines: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Three paraffin-soaked wooden
fire traps kill little boys!”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">No more words needed<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Julieta looks up<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">She is seated on an old park
bench<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">North of the red brick
Corinthian buildings<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Clipped grass, concrete
silhouettes of building foundations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The air smells like wet dirt
and impending rain <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cardinals and robins chirping<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The boy is back<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“What is your name?”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><i><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">November 27, 2022<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>susan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220609.post-80914378714476063762022-11-29T23:07:00.000-06:002022-11-29T23:07:01.756-06:00Poetry of the Present: Fox on the Run<p><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">POETRY OF THE PRESENT (D. H. LAWRENCE)</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-f021d16c-7fff-231b-fece-e025dac708fc"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">November 6, 2022</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">FOX ON THE RUN</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8:45 pm, a November full moon Sunday, crisp air</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Soft light from the skies and my Honda Passport headlights</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I see an industrial duster appended to a lean, little wolfish body</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Scampering across the green space just beyond the iron gates</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bolt, bolt somewhere off in the direction of the winterized pool</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">And the backyards with offering plates of dry dog food </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Semi-urban fox, opossum, raccoon, rabbit</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Easier pickings here than the cotton fields across 48</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">th</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Avenue</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fox? Coyote? The yip-yips I hear in the fields toward the South Canadian River</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Suggest coyote, not fox, not dog, not caterwauling feline (that would be me, at least </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">in my own idea of self years and years and years ago… so glad that’s in the rearview mirror)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To all wildness, I support you</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I leave a special Seventh-Heaven Pumpkin Spice muffin (well, half – I ate the muffin top)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Broken into chunks and tossed behind my Knock-out Roses and red & white periwinkles</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">And the bushes in front of the hail-pocked weathered cedar privacy fence. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tuesday is mid-term elections day. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I’ll vote. Perhaps this time I’ll do detailed research </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Instead of simply voting “Throw the bums out.”</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The coyote’s not a fox</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nor is it an opossum, rabbit, raccoon, or semi-feral cat</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Too bad. 1976 Norman High School Spanish Club Spring Break</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Trip to Mexico City, Taxco, Cuernavaca and then down winding Sierra Madres</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Acapulco Hotel disco “La Tormenta” dancing after straining to see </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The famed cliff divers included in our package deal; </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Couldn’t wait to get out of there; who wants to see self-immolation?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Who wants to pay to see the poor risk their lives just for entertainment? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Couldn’t wait to dance, dance, dance </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Popular still “Fox on the Run” by Sweet, memories bring a </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Return to innocence – where the poor do not mutilate themselves to entertain the rich</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Return to purity –Spanish Club Spring Breaks do not unwittingly play into the old paradigm</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Or simply dance to 1975 “Fox on the Run” by Sweet</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Coyote tail Pony tail run run run dance</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The full moon away</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I’m here today</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">My eyes full moons</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The cool picnic table air</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I’ll never give up</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">And nor should you; sweet brushtail bush coyote</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">November 7, 2022</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wet leaves on the patio</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Turn the card</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A nest of beetles, or a smaller leaf over a smaller leaf over a smaller leaf</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Matrochka fall</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Five Russian textbooks, dictionaries, glossaries of verbs</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Unboxed and placed on my pristine white bookshelves</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Near Erik Satie’s </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A Mammal’s Notebook</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">After he died, they found 100 umbrellas in his cramped Parisian rooms</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Not too thrilled about this</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The velvet eccentric had a dozen identical suits, </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">to alternate day by day by week; </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yet after he died, they found a half dozen of those </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">untouched, unworn</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Inventories of the “raw” vs the “cooked” </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It’s all symbolic – the unworn velvet suit: </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">potential for rebirth, a new “skin” and a new being</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The worn-out suit: </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Experience, prior knowledge, scaffolding (but to where…?)</span></p><br /><br /></span>susan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220609.post-61276135542225454432022-11-05T02:13:00.004-05:002022-11-05T17:15:50.348-05:00 How to Read D. H. Lawrence’s “Coming Awake” <p>(<a href="https://soundcloud.com/beyondutopia/poetry-of-the-present-reading-coming-awake-by-dh-lawrence?si=6108166216364f02bfcf5076442cc40c&utm_source=clipboard&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=social_sharing" target="_blank">Audio recording</a>) It is very hard to interpret D. H. Lawrence’s “Coming Awake” without a clear understanding of his notions of poetry as expressed in his 1919 essay, “The Poetry of the Present,” and a conceptual framework for Imagist Poetry and the Imagist Movement. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/88_RCATVnFY" width="320" youtube-src-id="88_RCATVnFY"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">How to Read D. H. Lawrence's "Coming Awake" </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a class="style-scope ytcp-video-share-dialog" href="https://youtu.be/88_RCATVnFY" id="share-url" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: var(--ytcp-font-subheading_-_font-size,15px); line-height: 24px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/88_RCATVnFY</a> </div><p>D. H. Lawrence begins by saying that we need a new kind of poetry because most of the genres of poetry currently used either propel the reader into a projection of the future, or pull them back into the a nostalgic past. The problem with poetry that focuses on the future or the past is that it has to be perfect.</p><p>If you focus on the present, however, there is no idealizing gaze and there is no force-fitting a grandiose “message” or meaning. </p><p>If you focus on the present, you tend to chronicle the concrete images and things that are happening around you. In that case, instead of being grandiose, you’ll be closely observant. </p><p>By being in the moment, you can create a “poetry of the immediate present,” and it will capture a part of the present – like a still pictures from a video of reality. </p><p>In addition, the poetry that captures what is happening in the present is, as Lawrence puts it, “like the wind,” and there is “a sheer appreciation of the instant moment.” He cites Walt Whitman as a wonderful purveyor of the “poetry of the present.” </p><p>In contrast, for Lawrence, poetry that attempts to adhere to or conform to “any externally-applied law” would be “mere shackles and death.” For this reason, he prefers free verse. </p><p>So, if we apply this concept to “Coming Awake” (1916), it is possible to appreciate it as an example of “poetry of the present” which seeks to imbue the poetic space with a sense of immediacy and of heightened powers of the senses and observation, so that what poetry does for you is to intensify your experience of everyday life. It amplifies, intensifies, and magnifies everything you perceive with your waking and awakening mind. </p><p>In “Coming Awake,” the poet’s observations are of minute, delicate details – ones often overlooked by the person whose mind is in the clouds or in a fog of the past. Lawrence begins by observing the characteristics and qualities of light that often go unnoticed: “lake-lights were quivering” and “sunshine swam in a shoal.” The personification encourages the reader to feel the elements of the poem because the language suggests a human body. </p><p>The poet’s intense attention to tiny details makes the reader perceive it as though looking through a magnifying glass and seeing the “hairy, big bee” with “his body black fur.” The bee “hung over the primulas” which are later described as “airy primulas.” Primulas are also known as primrose, and they consist of clusters of tiny petals and delicate little stamen. The sense of looking at everything as though it were magnified many times, and frozen in time is what the poet’s language has done for us. It puts everything in super-sharp focus, freezes it in time, and then magnifies it. </p><p>Thus, the process of awakening can be said to be akin to reading the poetry of the present which functions as a tool to bring everything into extremely sharp focus and to put the reader in the very center of what is being described. The result is an experience so intense that it could also be depicted as shrinking to the size of a bee or a primrose and walking around in the garden and observing a gigantic, hairy, furry bee buzzing loudly, triggering your senses into extreme awareness. </p><p>The careful reader will see an influence of Zen Buddhist thought and the poetic ideas of the haiku and other minimalism. </p><p>Lawrence’s concept of the “poetry of the present” is deeply democratic. It basically proposes that everyone can and should write poetry because it is a tactic for living a happier, fuller, more vibrant life. Anyone can write a poem, Lawrence might suggest. The key is to slow down, write observations, exaggerate the concrete details so they appear larger than life and generate an emotional response of joy, happiness, appreciation of life. </p><p><b>Works Cited</b></p><p>Lawrence, D. H. “Coming Awake” in New Poems. London: Martin Secker, 1919; Bartleby.com, 1999. <a href="www.bartleby.com/128/ " target="_blank">www.bartleby.com/128/ </a> .</p><p>Lawrence, D. H. “Preface: The Poetry of the Present,” in New Poems, 1919. In The Poetry Foundation. <a href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/articles/69403/the-poetry-of-the-present">https://www.poetryfoundation.org/articles/69403/the-poetry-of-the-present</a></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>susan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220609.post-54976373300635979362022-04-16T17:12:00.007-05:002022-04-16T17:14:57.016-05:00Moodle 4.0 Is Here! What's new about it? <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://moodle.com/moodle-4/" target="_blank">Moodle 4.0 </a>is here! I’m trying
to determine just what the advantages are and how much of a step change it is
from Moodle 3.11. I don’t think that Moodle can change the basic
architecture for a number of reasons. So, the changes have to come in things
like user experience and efficiency. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> If you've worked with
Moodle for very long, you know that it can be a place of almost infinite
complexity, but also almost Zen-like simplicity. It's also a veritable ant-hill
of programming activity, as programmers develop productivity and design apps -
some are available for free, others require a download fee. Moodle and
Moodle partners are likewise entrepreneurial, and you can quickly use pre-built
templates and hosting and an integrated software-as-a-service solution. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9umwjLgBDAGgQgLC3AYQXJJ1mR8ezYPA450xz4IrULm3aCkZ4WHvP7roSINRYcZV_LjgygV47evzdLg8ExlhE-dru2NEUmoA0u1RDOnZwiujD4Cl3aE5L-8jlErYQSr0J-o6miyztigecGlciUWMwd4CQZE6FQhvzzrVz7b_ytbDdIP2caQ/s1456/moodle%204-overview.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="861" data-original-width="1456" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9umwjLgBDAGgQgLC3AYQXJJ1mR8ezYPA450xz4IrULm3aCkZ4WHvP7roSINRYcZV_LjgygV47evzdLg8ExlhE-dru2NEUmoA0u1RDOnZwiujD4Cl3aE5L-8jlErYQSr0J-o6miyztigecGlciUWMwd4CQZE6FQhvzzrVz7b_ytbDdIP2caQ/w400-h236/moodle%204-overview.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Improved User Experience, with modules listed in an easy-to-follow design. <br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> </span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MoodleCloud is still in 3.11, so I
can’t experiment with it as much as I’d like. However, the “sandbox” is still
available, and one can select a role as student, teacher, or manager, to play
around with it. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Here are some of my initial thoughts:</span></p>
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{page:WordSection1;}</style> <br /><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PROS:</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Much improved user experience, in terms of navigation, layout, use of
new thumbnails, and course construction (with drag and drop). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The default theme being used in the Sandbox (probably either Clean or
Boost) is very attractive and easy to use. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Fully responsive interface that works well with tablets, laptops, and
phones. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Improved navigation – you can tell where you are, and can go back to a
previous screen very easily. There may be some AI-based plug-ins that can help refine "smart navigation." <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>One can use the calendar as a dashboard. The "My Courses" screen can
display in a number of different options. The “Card” option makes the interface
look a lot like the way Canvas displays available courses. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG5j3I4WTdiO2IWaC_SfWn-_ZDUv8Ks8ADOfFYbpFnqCv8qCaxWnum3trOctmJ2sC0Ne92bQx6UuvhuYmlJ3eyfgHOzVagaLlGRA8g_vJa_tFwUEv_PZsKWUfTPdBZcPZP5z9RUxjp3jtFWyJoIPCLX6QAm6OwMm8pdtM4Qj8BjcRcHVcJVQ/s876/my%20courses.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="505" data-original-width="876" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG5j3I4WTdiO2IWaC_SfWn-_ZDUv8Ks8ADOfFYbpFnqCv8qCaxWnum3trOctmJ2sC0Ne92bQx6UuvhuYmlJ3eyfgHOzVagaLlGRA8g_vJa_tFwUEv_PZsKWUfTPdBZcPZP5z9RUxjp3jtFWyJoIPCLX6QAm6OwMm8pdtM4Qj8BjcRcHVcJVQ/w400-h230/my%20courses.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">My Courses page<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The basic structure of the learning management system is the same, so
the same names, arrangement, process and procedure works. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Moodle 4.0 is available for download if you’d like to host courses on
your own server. That PRO is also a CON if you’re not ready to be a Moodle
Administrator.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Outside Apps more easily integrate with Moodle 4.0.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Integrating apps has always been fairly easy
by means of a link or embedded log-in.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
don’t know to what extent single-sign on is facilitated, and if authentication
is otherwise streamlined. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There is less content on each screen. Not only is it easier to see with
your tablet or phone, it’s much easier to stay focused and avoid distractions
due to a busy design. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10. Moodle is open source, which means that there is an entire industry dedicated to building plug-ins and other features that are useful and needed. I would not be surprised if there will be machine learning-based apps that can detect patterns in student performance and help administrators and even teachers, see student preferences, gaps in knowledge, and collaborative strengths. <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CONS: </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If you have not worked with Moodle before, you may feel a bit
discouraged. Moodle is not a very intuitive LMS, and one may not know where
everything is without going through a pretty thorough training course. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbnsNz2FS0X6G80jHytMsJBGOCSLuTpVCem9dQ2XuwsEYQ_HrIRzBZX9RO7qqXTa6vtx6PtwyPWHbLt9eOWYEukt2NCAX8oVH-kP3A47Ozr-7W3eEgxNVWGn3BqR4whM8lkp_iKbstcIJyQJMVN-zPNXOGhRukErkSbc3iRLyUutB8VGKlRA/s1800/manage%20course%20categories%20and%20courses.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="775" data-original-width="1800" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbnsNz2FS0X6G80jHytMsJBGOCSLuTpVCem9dQ2XuwsEYQ_HrIRzBZX9RO7qqXTa6vtx6PtwyPWHbLt9eOWYEukt2NCAX8oVH-kP3A47Ozr-7W3eEgxNVWGn3BqR4whM8lkp_iKbstcIJyQJMVN-zPNXOGhRukErkSbc3iRLyUutB8VGKlRA/w400-h173/manage%20course%20categories%20and%20courses.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Courses and categories admin screen<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It’s not clear how much Universal Design for Learning was used with the
new interface, dashboard, icons, etc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
did not see multiple modes of content delivery on the sample classes in the
sandbox site, but that does not mean that they are not available. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Moodle 4.0 is not yet available in MoodleCloud, which is the most
popular cloud-based Moodle. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Moodle documentation is still at 3.11. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An Initial Chat:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Relatecasts' Rick Zanotti and I have an informal conversation about Moodle 4.0, just hours after its release to the web on April 14. Please click on the link to hear our conversation on E-Learn Chat. I'm not as clear as I could be as I respond to Rick's questions -- I think my enthusiasm about the arrival got the best of me :) Please click and listen, then share your thoughts. <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PqjHqLuWRqg" width="320" youtube-src-id="PqjHqLuWRqg"></iframe> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">E-Learn Chat on the debut of Moodle 4.0 - speaking with Rick Zanotti <br /></div><br /> Here's a link to the chat: <br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://youtu.be/PqjHqLuWRqg"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://youtu.be/PqjHqLuWRqg</span></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Please note that an updated version of <a href="https://www.packtpub.com/product/moodle-e-learning-course-development-fifth-edition/9781801079037" target="_blank">Packt Publishing's guide to Moodle course development </a>will be published in July 2022, just in time to get courses and programs up and running. <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">****</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i>Susan Smith Nash, Ph.D. </i><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
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{page:WordSection1;}</style></p>susan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220609.post-52641178380698463632022-04-03T23:25:00.004-05:002024-02-16T17:46:35.103-06:00The Renaissance: Philosophical Ideas<p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Renaissance (1450 – 1600) marked the flowering of culture, science and ideas about the nature of humanity that occurred in Europe, starting in Italy, spread throughout Europe. Characterized by philosophy, art, architecture, and literature, the Renaissance was a cultural revolution fueled by wealth from trade and new technology, along with political consolidations. It began in Italy in the 15</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">th</span></span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> century (the “Quattrocento”) where the wealth banking family, the Medicis, became great patrons of art and learning. </span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-a7a72004-7fff-36f7-fb3c-7b7fc84eea94"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Big Question: </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">How did the philosophical ideas of Humanism reinforce the cultural and scientific revolution of the Renaissance?</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Watch: The Philosophical Foundations of Humanism</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> During the Middle Ages, Aristotelianism reigned. It was a nice, orderly way of thinking of the world. Everything was in its right place, and there was always balance, equilibrium, and symmetry. Perhaps nowhere was this more evident than in Aristotle’s book, Categories, from his Organon. The Renaissance embraced the structure and symmetry of Aristotle as a way of creating beauty, instead of enforcing order in the world and structure, as it was used in the Middle Ages. The renewed emphasis on the philosophy of the Classics allowed investigation into representation of the phenomenal world, which is to say during the Renaissance, it was now acceptable to explore the natural world, and to ask questions about his forms and functions. Finding new ways to represent the natural world was also encouraged, which meant that the Renaissance brought together art, science, philosophy in new ways. As a result, we see the development of 3-dimensional art on a 2-dimensional canvas (thanks to, for example, linear perspective converging on a vanishing point where there are orthogonals, such as large tiles in the floor in a painting). </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Read: Defining Humanism in the Renaissance</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Overview: Humanism represented a change of focus. Instead of simply seeking to define the right place of everything within a rigid hierarchy, Renaissance thinkers began to focus on the human being, and human potential for achieving great things, and finding a moment of unity with the good and the beautiful. There was a renewed interest in the philosophical writings of the ancient Greeks, primarily Plato and Aristotle. In addition to exploring the philosophy of the Classics, the Renaissance thinkers also studied their buildings, sculptures, and other works of art. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Foundational Humanism</b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Petrarch: Considered the key philosophical figure in the Renaissance, Petrarch, who was Italian, was driven by the idea of the quest for the ideal. For Petrarch, there was no conflict between realizing human potential and having religious faith. Petrarch was very interested in the ancient Greeks and Romans, and the classics, not just in terms of art and architecture, but also poetry, philosophy, and lost works. He invented the sonnet form, and he wrote love poems for Laura, although he had very little real contact with her in real life. His poetry and prose championed realism and empirical knowledge. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola: His “Oration on the Dignity of Man” is considered the Manifesto of the Renaissance. Pico resurrected humanism of ancient Greek philosophy, including Aristotle and Plato. His ideas mainly based on Plato. Through mental struggle, ascends great chain of being towards the angels and communion with God – unity which is very Platonic. </span></p><br /><p></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Thomas More: Wrote Utopia, an example of an ideal world which represents humanistic philosophy. In it, each person has a place in society that corresponds with their true nature and abilities, and there is communal ownership of property. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Montaigne: Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, Lord of Montaigne, was one of the most important philosophers of the French Renaissance. His essays were explorations of his own thoughts and attitudes, and he mulled over the prevailing philosophies and reflected upon the novelties of the times, such as the tales of travel in the Americas. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Reformation</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Luther: Faith and the Individual</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Martin Luther, a German professor, was famous for his “95 Theses” which rested on the main concepts that the Bible is the core authority and that individuals can be saved (achieve salvation) only by faith and not by deeds. The “95 Theses” were published in 1517, and unleashed the Reformation, a religious schism which broke with the Catholic Church and repudiated the pope’s authority, rejected the validity of the sale of indulgences. Instead, he promoted “The Priesthood of All Believers.” Luther was excommunicated in 1521 at the Diet of Worms, after which he used the printing press to create pamphlets that explains the new doctrine.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Calvin: Break Away from Hierarchy </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">John Calvin, a French Protestant, believed in predestination and the omnipotence of God. Calvin was a stern believer in the power of God’s word and the responsibility of individuals to learn to read the Bible directly and to obey the word of God, without intermediaries (priests, bishops, etc.). The core concept of Calvinism is that God selects those who, through grace, are made capable of believing in God, which is the route to salvation (not deeds, or purchasing indulgences). It was very anti-authoritarian, and was not welcome among the priests, kings, popes, bishops, and others who had benefited from a belief system that gave them privilege, power, and authority. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Middle Way</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Henry VIII, miffed at Pope Clemente’s refusal to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, decided to create a religion that maintained hierarchies and the divine rights of kings, but which eliminated the Pope. That church was The Church of England, and it instantly made enemies of both Protestants (Calvinists, etc.) and Catholics. Henry VIII sought to replace both with his Church of England, and he did so by burning Calvinists at the stake for heresy, and beheading Catholics. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Analysis: Machiavelli’s </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Prince (1532): The End Justifies the Means</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dedicated to his patron, Lorenzo de Medici, </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Prince</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (1532, but written earlier) contains advice to the prince about how to acquire and maintain power. Much of the focus is on the psychology of the subjects, and so it is often considered a practical guide into the psychology of leadership, and the dynamic between the leader and followers. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Machiavelli first defines principalities, types of armies, and then moves into the character and behavior of the prince. Written in a pragmatic style, with a tone of scientific inquiry, some of the passages seem almost satirical, such as when Machiavelli concludes that it is better for the Prince to be feared than loved by his subjects, better to be cruel than merciful, but is a good idea to launch large projects in order to create a positive reputation. Enormously influential, but not at all an antidote to political hot water, Machiavelli was accused of conspiracy and tortured in 1513. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Later, Machiavelli wrote </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Prince</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> as well as historical and literary works. The main point of </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Prince</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is that almost any tactics can be justified in achieving the overall goal (creating a stable princedom), and if the populace is treacherous, then treachery on the part of the leader is justified. The book was condemned by Pope Clement VIII, but nevertheless became widely adopted and studied. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Explore: Scientific Revolution</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Francis Bacon: The Scientific Method</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626) was determined to invent a scientific method based on experimentation rather than parsing scriptures for evidence of natural law. He wanted to bring to light all the things that were previously hidden or unknown, and to do it for the good of humanity. His most important scientific writings were in essence writings in the philosophy of science. His book, “Novum Organum Scientiarum” (The New Scientific Method) lays out procedures for scientific investigation. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Galileo: The World Is Round, Despite Orthodoxy</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1543): Born in Poland, Copernicus was an astronomer who developed a celestial model which placed the sun in the middle of the planetary system (instead of Earth at the center). The heliocentric solar system was described in “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.” Copernicus was considered heretical by the Roman Catholic Church. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Galileo (1564 – 1642) was convicted of heresy for his belief that the world is not flat, and barely escaped being burned at the stake, although he did spend time in prison. He was most famous for his work in astronomy and math, and his assertion that the Earth is not flat. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Discuss: Similarity and Differences</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Discuss the ways in which humanistic philosophy found its way into science, art, literature, and philosophy. What were the similarities and differences across the areas of study? </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Check your knowledge Quiz (5 questions):</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. The great patron of the arts in Quattrocento Italy was</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">a) Giovanni de Medici (correct)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">b) Pope Clemente VII</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">c) Niccolo Machiavelli</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">d) Pantagruel, as chronicled by Rabelai</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Machiavelli asserts in </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Prince</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> that mercenaries are</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">a) essential for defense</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">b) dangerous and can leave one vulnerable (correct)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">c) expensive and wasteful</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">d) useful because they bring new ideas</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3) Copernicus devised a heliocentric planetary model which asserted that </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">a) the moon was at the center, and the “Prince of Tides”</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">b) the planets have moons, and the moons are sometimes more important than the planets themselves</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">c) the sun is at the center, and the planets rotate around it (correct)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">d) the earth is flat</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4) Humanistic thought in the Renaissance includes all except the following:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">a) a return to Classical models</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">b) the human being has infinite possibilities of self-actualization</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">c) human accomplishment should be celebrated, and it brings together science, literature, politics, architecture, art, and more</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">d) Literacy is dangerous and all serious works of science, politics, and literature should be written in Latin (correct) </span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Glossary</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Heliocentric planetary system: developed by Copernicus. The planets rotate around the sun. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Reformation: The reaction and reorganization of the church based on Martin Luther’s </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">95 Theses</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (written in 1517) which criticizes the Roman Catholic Church. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Quattrocento: The 1400s (15</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">th</span></span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> century) in Italian</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Petrarchan sonnet: a sonnet form popularized by Petrarch, consisting of an octave with the rhyme scheme abbaabba and of a sestet with one of several rhyme schemes, as cdecde or cdcdcd</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Elizabethan sonnet: a type of sonnet much used by Shakespeare, written in iambic pentameter and consisting of three quatrains and a final couplet with the rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vanishing point: the point at which receding parallel lines viewed in perspective appear to converge</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Linear perspective: a type of perspective used by artists in which the relative size, shape, and position of objects are determined by drawn or imagined lines converging at a point on the horizon.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Orthogonal line: A related term, orthogonal projection, describes a method for drawing three-dimensional objects with linear perspective. It refers to perspective lines, drawn diagonally along parallel lines that meet at a so-called "vanishing point." Such perspective lines are orthogonal, or perpendicular to one another.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Key Takeaways</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Upon successful completion of this lesson, you will be able to </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Define humanism in the Renaissance</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Explain the political philosophy of Machiavelli in </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Prince</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. List important works of philosophy in the Renaissance</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. Identify key scientific works in the Renaissance</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. Describe utopian writing in the Renaissance and its impact</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lesson Toolbox</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Renaissance Links</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Encyclopedia Britannica: Renaissance art and architecture. </span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Renaissance" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.britannica.com/event/Renaissance</span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Metropolitan Museum of Art: Renaissance. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/baroque-art/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/baroque-art/</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">History.com: Renaissance Art: </span><a href="http://www.history.com/topics/renaissance-art" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.history.com/topics/renaissance-art</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Art Institute of Chicago: Arms, Armor, Medieval, and Renaissance </span><a href="http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/armor" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/armor</span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Virtual Uffizi Gallery / Florence. </span><a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/+UffiziFlorence" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://plus.google.com/u/0/+UffiziFlorence</span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Art Museums: Where to see Renaissance Art. </span><a href="https://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Art-Museums.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Art-Museums.html</span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Renaissance Inventions: </span><a href="http://www.inventionware.com/renaissance-inventions/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.inventionware.com/renaissance-inventions/</span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">More, Thomas. </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Utopia.</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2130/2130-h/2130-h.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2130/2130-h/2130-h.htm</span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Machiavelli, Niccolo. </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Prince.</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1232" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1232</span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Grotius. The Rights of War and Peace. </span><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/46564" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/46564</span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cortes, Hernan. Letters to Emperor Carlos V. </span><a href="https://archive.org/stream/lettersofcorts01cortuoft/lettersofcorts01cortuoft_djvu.txt" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://archive.org/stream/lettersofcorts01cortuoft/lettersofcorts01cortuoft_djvu.txt</span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lope de Vega. Comedias: El remedio en la desdicha; El major alcalde, el rey. </span><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28408" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28408</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Calderon de la Barca. La Vida Es Sueño. </span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2587/2587-h/2587-h.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2587/2587-h/2587-h.htm</span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Garcilaso de la Vega. The works of Garcilaso de la Vega. </span><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/49410" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/49410</span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Montaigne, Michel. Essays. </span><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/3600/3600-h/3600-h.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.gutenberg.org/files/3600/3600-h/3600-h.htm</span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. </span><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2235" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2235</span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Petrarch. Sonnets. Triumphs and other Poems. </span><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17650" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17650</span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sir Philip Sidney. Astrophel and Stella. </span><a href="https://archive.org/details/sirpshisastroph00sidngoog" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://archive.org/details/sirpshisastroph00sidngoog</span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br />--- Susan Smith Nash, Ph.D. <br /><div><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXoj8nY9Ad2FkA_iVhgRzXTXe4UFjOhZeY1PKsBgcxwkeMnYNCH7IJl8YE5tahYI01mIYuEhpn34UiTqjem6-7rQH4d7WI62FSXPifYZeAo7Uub4PQRRtIKBtsL-eX_y0S_Kqy-6oufZtW5gYZwkdXZtwCNBSrm4yQFP9V8DdEv2BrSGuSXA/s400/susan-nash.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="susan smith nash, ph.d." border="0" data-original-height="388" data-original-width="400" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXoj8nY9Ad2FkA_iVhgRzXTXe4UFjOhZeY1PKsBgcxwkeMnYNCH7IJl8YE5tahYI01mIYuEhpn34UiTqjem6-7rQH4d7WI62FSXPifYZeAo7Uub4PQRRtIKBtsL-eX_y0S_Kqy-6oufZtW5gYZwkdXZtwCNBSrm4yQFP9V8DdEv2BrSGuSXA/w200-h194/susan-nash.png" title="susan smith nash, ph.d." width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">susan smith nash, ph.d.</td></tr></tbody></table><br />susan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220609.post-27064867488865417302022-04-03T23:08:00.000-05:002022-04-03T23:08:02.522-05:00The Renaissance: Cultural Developments<p><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Renaissance was nothing less than a cultural revolution that shifted the focus from religious art centered on the doctrines of the Catholic Church to one that celebrated humanistic achievement, including that guided by monarchs and successful entrepreneurs, and revived the Classical tradition of the ancient Greeks and Romans, including their art, architecture, literature, and philosophy. The works from the Renaissance continue to be cornerstones of cultural achievement for all of humanity. </span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-90a3d587-7fff-6139-cd7c-d3f3499177d1"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Big Question: </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What made Renaissance cultural developments different from those of the Middle Ages?</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Consider: What is really behind Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa? </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Renaissance emerged in Italy in a spectacular way with the construction of the Florence cathedral which was designed by Brunelleschi (1377-1444). The elements that represented a break from the Middle Ages included architectural elements from Classical Greek and Roman architecture. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik055yp7qvoti0CD1KdLphSydaamDYfUzw_DjO1pkH5Je5Fi7xIQF6uVTHGthb0eXKDd7iq0MoJPxhNWHEuFZxvTVdB8zNnxKjqbaDD1HCbPmLGX1_kTt9aD2HKFIK-bWO8uncflfMGOnnwIl2yYFRF3CW1T22FIAlqXNPE6UrSHf6Jh3dIQ/s5000/mona-lisa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="5000" data-original-width="3355" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik055yp7qvoti0CD1KdLphSydaamDYfUzw_DjO1pkH5Je5Fi7xIQF6uVTHGthb0eXKDd7iq0MoJPxhNWHEuFZxvTVdB8zNnxKjqbaDD1HCbPmLGX1_kTt9aD2HKFIK-bWO8uncflfMGOnnwIl2yYFRF3CW1T22FIAlqXNPE6UrSHf6Jh3dIQ/s320/mona-lisa.jpg" width="215" /></a></div><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p>Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci, painted between 1503 – 1506, is such a cornerstone of artistic experience that we often lose sight of what makes it really special. Da Vinci broke new ground in many ways. For example, is a highly unusual half-length portrait, and instead of being in a closed room, she is framed by fragmentary columns that create a framed window that opens to a fantastical landscape that leads the eye through winding pathways that suggest the Infinite. Yet, instead of letting the energy of the painting evanesce into a type of neoplatonic euphoria, Da Vinci creates a grounding equilibrium which places a very tangible, realistic human being on the edge of a gorgeous, fantastical landscape. Her famous smile and her direct gaze into the viewer’s eye, which pull the viewer’s eye back into the center of the frame, ground the composition, and yet maintain the tension between the earthly and the concrete, and the amazing landscape in the background, which would have struck the Renaissance viewer as a pathway to the divine, straight from Dante’s </span><i style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">La Commedia Divina</i><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">. The landscape is sublime, and it proposes a bold question to the viewer: “Where do you live? In this world of soft, rounded flesh, smooth satin and velvet?” The chiaroscuro and sfumato techniques makes possibilities viable. They also suggest that she is, as in The Madonna of the Rocks, in the amazing, ineffable space of Nature that forces you to realize that there is a Divine, and that you can straddle the two worlds – the earthly, and the divine. </span><p></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Mona Lisa does in a single canvas what it took Dante three Cantos with its 14,233 lines in terza rima to accomplish. It encapsulates the journey of the soul from the darkness of the Pit (the inferno), through the sufferings of Purgatory, and finally to round after round on a mountain taking one to Paradise. The Mona Lisa’s smile is one of knowledge and experience: she is in her world of silks and velvets, and she is also in the transcendental world, not of the mystic, but of the Humanist, who states that perfection is at least envisionable here in the material world, and the artist can open the eyes and the hearts of the viewers so that they can see for themselves the Paradise they can strive for and potentially achieve during their own lifetimes. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Read: Art of the Renaissance</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Overview</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: The Renaissance was a time of a major change in the way that art was depicted, and it opened the way for new subjects of art as well. As artists turned to the Greek and Roman examples of antiquity, they also developed ways to depict depth, perspective, and distance. In addition to confining themselves to religious subjects, they were able to paint and create sculptures based on Greek and Roman mythology, Christian doctrine, and everyday life. Realism was embraced, and the composition, the still life, was a way to celebrate accomplishment and the achievement of a comfortable living. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Linear perspective:</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> One point perspective: Method for projecting illusion of space on medium. no single artist should be credited except perhaps Bruneleschi. All artists came upon together with scientific exploration of time. Orthogonals converge at a single vanishing point on horizon. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Orthogonal line:</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Imaginary diagonal lines that point and converge at the vanishing point and contribute to Linear Perspective. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vanishing point:</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Traditionally at eye level, the point at which all points recede and intersect, causing the illusion of 3-dimensional form. Part of Linear Perspective. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Botticelli: The Birth of Venus (1484 – 1486):</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Now housed in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Botticelli’s “The Birth of Venus” is important for a number of reasons. First, it demonstrates the Renaissance artists’ desire to include stories from Classical mythology. Second, it depicts the female figure in a realistic manner, as opposed to the Medieval painters, and echoes Greek and Roman sculpture. Third, it is a secular counterpart to the nativity scenes so prevalent in a world dominated by religious art. Finally, the techniques of perspective and vanishing points are on display in the background. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Andreas Vesalius,</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> a 16</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">th</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> century anatomist born in Brussels in 1514, is known for his extremely detailed line drawings of human anatomy. He mastered the technique of creating three-dimensional drawings, and his drawings of the human body feature extremely realistic and detailed depictions of muscles, bones, and cartilage. He was not averse to dissecting cadavers, which must have been pretty revolting in a time before formaldehyde. His methodology was deliberate and he approached the tasks as a scientist, and he recorded his findings in his books. His drawings were very important for future generations who used them to gain an understanding of the body, and to continue to investigate its functions. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hans Holbein the Younger (The Diplomats</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">): The Northern Renaissance style was in direct contrast with the Southern Renaissance style of Da Vinci and others. He prided himself on his draftsman type precision and the extreme realism, especially of textures of fabrics, plants, jewelry, skin, and hair. For example, the ermine in the cape of Holbein’s portrait of Henry VIII introduced a tension between surface and depth, and animated the tactile detail that makes his portraiture so unique. Very productive in the last 10 years of his life, Holbein died in London during an outbreak of plague in 1543. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Reflect: That was impressive! What impresses you most?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Da Vinci’s The Mona Lisa</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Petrarch’s work and his sonnets</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. Drama in the Renaissance</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. Humanistic philosophies expressed in Renaissance literature</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. Rise of realistic anatomy in art and science</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6. Linear perspective in art</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7. Orthogonals in art</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8. The importance of diaries and letters from explorers to the Americas during the Renaissance</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Expand: </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let’s look at Renaissance literature. The literature of the Renaissance was widely produced, which reflected expanded literacy in the vernacular, rather than only in Latin. It was also more available to people due to the printing press. Some of the most important accomplishments are listed below. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Poetry</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Petrarchan Sonnets: iambic pentameter, 14 stanzas, with the rhyme scheme ABBAABBA CDECDE. The rhyme scheme suggests two bodies of knowledge or perception, and often they are in opposition with each other, and reflect a paradox or an ironic observation. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Shakespearean sonnets: iambic pentameter, 14 stanzas, with the rhyme scheme ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, which suggests three separate comments, statements, or observations, with a couplet at the end, which allows a summative commentary. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Garcilaso de la Vega: Important because he brought Renaissance verse forms to Spain (and also New Spain)</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sir Philip Sidney: Important for his analysis of the rhetorical functions of poetry in “A Defense of Poesy,” which discusses how poetry brings one from the dungeon of the body to the exalted divine, and whose neoplatonic idea of transcendence shines brightly in his work, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Astrophil and Stella</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (The Star-Lover and the Star). </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Novel</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lazarillo de Tormes: Perhaps the first novel in the Spanish language, Lazarillo de Tormes was written by an anonymous author, and followed the adventures of a street-smart trickster character who survived by his wits. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rabelais: Gargantua and Pantagruel was a satirical novel that included a giant and a corrupt priest, who were used as vehicles to mock the Church (mainly the Jesuits) and corrupt, inefficient government. Rabelais spent a lot of time in jail. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Drama</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lope de Vega: One of the most important figures of the Spanish “Siglo de Oro” whose poems, essays, and plays were foundations of literature for centuries to come </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Calderon de la Barca: Extremely philosophical writer whose ideas made their way into his creative work, especially in his plays, where </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">La Vida Es Sueño</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is a classic blend of drama, pathos, and philosophical inquiry. An English counterpart would be Shakespeare’s </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Tempest.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Christopher Marlowe: A gifted poet, playwright, and translator, Christopher Marlowe’s most important plays were Doctor Faustus, Edward II, and Tamburlaine, all of which explore the evil compacts one might enter into in the pursuit of riches, power, knowledge, or simply untrammeled lust. In addition to posing great moral questions (and entertaining the audience with glimpses of evil and licentiousness), Marlowe takes the audience into a vicarious journey of vice, hunger, blood-lust, greed, and desire. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Shakespeare: Shakespeare’s tragedies, comedies, and history plays broke new ground in the Renaissance for their use of blank verse and iambic pentameter. The history plays were historically flawed, and contained a great deal of bias; it was better to look at all his plays figuratively rather than literally; for example, Richard III was not the evil, twisted miscreant Shakespeare made him to be in Richard III. But, he quickly became a favorite anti-hero for all who saw him. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Explore: Letters and Diaries – the Convergence of History and Fancy</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Many explorers kept diaries, mainly with the idea of documenting their locations, their encounters, and potential for treasure and natural resources (namely, gold). They also wanted to prepare reports for their backers, such as Queen Isabella, Queen Elizabeth, or Carlos V, justifying backing for future voyages, or asking to be named governor of a territory. The diaries and letters were widely distributed in published form, and served as imaginative fodder for any number of novels, plays, poems, and even maps. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Letters and diaries:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hernan Cortes: Cortes arrived with a malnourished, dirty, ragtag army who prevailed due to a combination of technology (firearms, horses) and fortuitous prophecies. Cortes wrote letters describing life in the Valley of Mexico, which were devoured by the King as well as the populace in general. They described the customs, costumes, food, architecture, religious practices, and beliefs of the Aztecs. Some were extremely graphic, which motivated the Church to send their priests. Carlos V funded more expeditions after the boats returned with gold and silver. There are a number of unanswered questions, though. For example, who tended the boats anchored off the coast near Veracruz? How did they keep them maintained? How was it possible to keep from being attacked? It seems very challenging for the Spanish party to keep their boats intact and even repaired as they spent almost a year in trekking across Mexico to the Valley of Mexico. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bartolome de las Casas: Bartolome de las Casas was the first Spanish writer to argue against absolute brutality toward the indigenous peoples they encountered. Most other Spanish explorers were so horrified by the human sacrifice that they witnessed that they were eager to reduce their civilizations to ashes. He coined the term, “noble savage” which suggested that the Aztec and other civilizations that were encountered were “savage” and yet in their lower status, they were innocent. Bartolome de las Casas perpetuated cultural chauvinism, and helped convince the Jesuits and other priests from Spain that they were justified in coercing and sometimes forcibly converting the indigenous to Catholicism. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">El Inca Garcilaso: An Incan nobleman who was highly educated, and whose diaries serve as important documents about the life, civilization, and beliefs of the Incas. He wrote about Pizarro and also documented the terrible outbreaks of disease that wiped out the vulnerable population. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Discuss: Similarity and Differences</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What are some of the points of similarity between the diaries and journals from explorers, and the works of art and literature inspired by them? (Shakespeare’s </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Tempest</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, Montaigne’s “On Cannibals,” and Amerigo Vespucci’s Maps of the New World, are a few). </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Check your knowledge Quiz (5 questions):</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Petrarchan sonnet</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">a. abba cddc effe gg </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">b. abab dcdc efef gg </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">c. abbaabba cdecde (correct)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">d. abababab cdecde</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Vanishing point</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">a. the point at which receding parallel lines viewed in perspective appear to converge (correct)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">b. the point at which parallel lines viewed in perspective appear to split</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">c. a series of parallel lines that recede into distance</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">d. a series of intersecting lines that come together in the middle of the canvas and create a black hole effect</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. Linear perspective</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">a. the use of a perspective that avoids the use of lines.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">b. a type of perspective used by artists in which the relative size, shape, and position of objects are determined by parallel lines placed in the horizon. (correct)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">c. the use of a perspective incorporates right angles mixed with 30-degree angles.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">d. a type of perspective used by artists in which the relative size, shape, and position of objects are determined by drawn or imagined lines converging at a point on the horizon.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. Noble savage</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">a. the early depictions of monarchies immediately after the collapse of the Roman Empire</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">b. a kind of weaving that was used for tapestries that depicted the Garden of Eden</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">c. a representative of primitive humankind first described in Latin America, symbolizing the innate goodness of humanity when free from the corrupting influence of civilization. (correct)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">d. the ideal behavior of a Jesuit priest who came to the Americas, and who wanted to be effective in converting indigenous peoples to Christianity</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. Humanism</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">a. cultural movement that perpetuated the medieval desire for developing a definitive cosmology that placed God at the center of the universe</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">b. a cultural movement that emphasized human frailty, and developed technology to assist in overcoming physical challenges</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">c. cultural movement that turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought. (correct)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">d. a philosophy developed by the Marquis de Sade</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Glossary</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Petrarchan sonnet: a sonnet form popularized by Petrarch, consisting of an octave with the rhyme scheme abbaabba and of a sestet with one of several rhyme schemes, as cdecde or cdcdcd</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Elizabethan sonnet: a type of sonnet much used by Shakespeare, written in iambic pentameter and consisting of three quatrains and a final couplet with the rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vanishing point: the point at which receding parallel lines viewed in perspective appear to converge</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Linear perspective: a type of perspective used by artists in which the relative size, shape, and position of objects are determined by drawn or imagined lines converging at a point on the horizon.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Orthogonal line: A related term, orthogonal projection, describes a method for drawing three-dimensional objects with linear perspective. It refers to perspective lines, drawn diagonally along parallel lines that meet at a so-called "vanishing point." Such perspective lines are orthogonal, or perpendicular to one another.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Noble savage: A noble savage is a literary stock character who embodies the concept of the indigene, outsider, wild human, an "other" who has not been "corrupted" by civilization, and therefore symbolizes humanity's innate goodness.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Picaresque: relating to an episodic style of fiction dealing with the adventures of a rough and dishonest but appealing hero.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sfumato: the technique of allowing tones and colors to shade gradually into one another, producing softened outlines or hazy forms</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chiaroscuro: an effect of contrasted light and shadow created by light falling unevenly or from a particular direction on something.</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Key Takeaways</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Upon successful completion of this course, the student should be able to </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Define humanism</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Identify important works of art and literature from the Renaissance</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. Explain the reasons for the importance of Da Vinci’s “Mona Lisa”</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. Describe the structure of Petrarchan and Elizabethan sonnets</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. Discuss innovations in art technique during the Renaissance</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lesson Toolbox</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Resources (links) </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Renaissance Links</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Encyclopedia Britannica: Renaissance art and architecture. </span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Renaissance" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.britannica.com/event/Renaissance</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Metropolitan Museum of Art: Renaissance. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/baroque-art/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/baroque-art/</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">History.com: Renaissance Art: </span><a href="http://www.history.com/topics/renaissance-art" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.history.com/topics/renaissance-art</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Art Institute of Chicago: Arms, Armor, Medieval, and Renaissance </span><a href="http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/armor" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/armor</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Virtual Uffizi Gallery / Florence. </span><a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/+UffiziFlorence" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://plus.google.com/u/0/+UffiziFlorence</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Art Museums: Where to see Renaissance Art. </span><a href="https://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Art-Museums.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Art-Museums.html</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Renaissance Inventions: </span><a href="http://www.inventionware.com/renaissance-inventions/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.inventionware.com/renaissance-inventions/</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">More, Thomas. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Utopia.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2130/2130-h/2130-h.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2130/2130-h/2130-h.htm</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Machiavelli, Niccolo. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Prince.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1232" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1232</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Grotius. The Rights of War and Peace. </span><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/46564" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/46564</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cortes, Hernan. Letters to Emperor Carlos V. </span><a href="https://archive.org/stream/lettersofcorts01cortuoft/lettersofcorts01cortuoft_djvu.txt" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://archive.org/stream/lettersofcorts01cortuoft/lettersofcorts01cortuoft_djvu.txt</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lope de Vega. Comedias: El remedio en la desdicha; El major alcalde, el rey. </span><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28408" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28408</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Calderon de la Barca. La Vida Es Sueño. </span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2587/2587-h/2587-h.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2587/2587-h/2587-h.htm</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Garcilaso de la Vega. The works of Garcilaso de la Vega. </span><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/49410" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/49410</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Montaigne, Michel. Essays. </span><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/3600/3600-h/3600-h.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.gutenberg.org/files/3600/3600-h/3600-h.htm</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. </span><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2235" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2235</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Petrarch. Sonnets. Triumphs and other Poems. </span><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17650" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17650</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sir Philip Sidney. Astrophel and Stella. </span><a href="https://archive.org/details/sirpshisastroph00sidngoog" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://archive.org/details/sirpshisastroph00sidngoog</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><i>Susan Smith Nash, Ph.D. </i></p><br /></span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrTV4JlXYL6zdg31gJ585iGoe39uJI1OwJu0SBONY9rd7keT3m18ThWscZSEUJuZ73QEXaFOCZKIP1FtPbtck8CIrd7ZdB0aNfpLALa9wyB6lnh31ZVx-iq2ectfN4AuabqieWy9CjgihB7a0S2snbapE88Ma1yBDZP8crflcpDdTPgdKzKw/s400/susan-nash.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="388" data-original-width="400" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrTV4JlXYL6zdg31gJ585iGoe39uJI1OwJu0SBONY9rd7keT3m18ThWscZSEUJuZ73QEXaFOCZKIP1FtPbtck8CIrd7ZdB0aNfpLALa9wyB6lnh31ZVx-iq2ectfN4AuabqieWy9CjgihB7a0S2snbapE88Ma1yBDZP8crflcpDdTPgdKzKw/w200-h194/susan-nash.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Susan Smith Nash, Ph.D. </td></tr></tbody></table><br />susan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220609.post-12903655113265902692022-04-03T22:54:00.005-05:002022-04-03T23:29:43.156-05:00The Renaissance: Historical Contexts - Here Be Dragons<p><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Renaissance (1450 – 1600) marked the flowering of culture, science and ideas about the nature of humanity that occurred in Europe, starting in Italy, spread throughout Europe. Characterized by philosophy, art, architecture, and literature, the Renaissance was a cultural revolution fueled by wealth from trade and new technology, along with political consolidations. </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrkm_hgo4wrm2KoyLcgsQmAVEIRfynutpGtnDAPOeyICRp7EMfiNqTh8CH-kaOwv77MTT5jKgu8J7cONVTxo1p_haJDtj5CVn1dQ0kjZO15TEtWkaCVXS0SuDK5JtrNOVu8nYHt-YvHtg0zQVgpSO4StjF4QiRphXJQa41n9AGxF7xMA66fQ/s718/Map-Here-be-Dragons.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="258" data-original-width="718" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrkm_hgo4wrm2KoyLcgsQmAVEIRfynutpGtnDAPOeyICRp7EMfiNqTh8CH-kaOwv77MTT5jKgu8J7cONVTxo1p_haJDtj5CVn1dQ0kjZO15TEtWkaCVXS0SuDK5JtrNOVu8nYHt-YvHtg0zQVgpSO4StjF4QiRphXJQa41n9AGxF7xMA66fQ/w400-h144/Map-Here-be-Dragons.gif" width="400" /></a></div><span id="docs-internal-guid-009f27d4-7fff-1ac1-a8a9-b94a4619c302"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Big Question: </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What were the economic, political, and technological innovations that made the flowering of the Renaissance possible?</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Watch: Renaissance and Humanism</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">With ships and caravans equipped with new astronomical equipment, and able to travel long distances without getting hopelessly lost, the brave crews encountered new civilizations, and, more destiny-changing than anything else, new sources of spices, precious gems, new plants, and intoxicatingly vast hoards of gold and silver. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The new wealth poured into Italy and Spain, and then to France and England, resulting in a building and cultural boom that was to celebrate not only the church, but the monarchies that sponsored the quests and the expansion. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Stability was perhaps the most critical element. In Italy, the Medicis were powerful trading and banking moguls who financed enterprises and kings. In Spain, the Moors were finally expelled and when Isabella married Ferdinand, the new Spain unified almost the entire Iberian Peninsula. In France, warring factions came together under a single monarch, and in England, religious warfare was brought to a close as Queen Elizabeth I successfully bridged the divides. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The name of the new focus was Humanism. Petrarch, Pico, More, and Montaigne looked at the human being as being able to advance through the exercise of will, ingenuity, and self-directed effort. God still existed, but God desires self-directed creativity and innovation. God helps those who help themselves, thought the Humanists. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">But, what was the best way to express this new exuberance and belief in the limitless potential of humankind? The answers were in the mysterious ruins and statues of Ancient Greece and Rome, and also in their mythologies, with gods with magical powers and humans who could be part-god, part human. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The silk, spice, and precious gems that came along the Silk Road and in the voyages to Asia, and then the gold, silver, tobacco, indigo and rum that flowed in from the Americas, enriched the monarchies and the entrepreneurs. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The models they found in Classical Art and Architecture were inspiring to them. So were the writings of Plato and Aristotle, preserved in libraries thanks to the work of Muslim philosophers who translated the work into their Arabic and had written extensive commentaries. Later, these were translated into Latin and found by Renaissance philosophers. They were embraced by an entirely new audience who loved their ways of viewing the world.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We will explore what happens when vast wealth meets new monarchies who want to show the world they are on equal footing with the church (Catholic or Church of England), and when they eagerly fund the efforts of artists, architects, writers, and philosophers whose work illustrates the new Humanistic worldview. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Read: Technology, Political Ambition, and a Boundless World</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Overview: The Renaissance had a foundational philosophy that encouraged people to think of a limitless world, and one with treasure and infinite possibilities. The encounters with the Americas and the voyages around the world to the Spice Islands and back were absolutely magical, as were the tales brought back – some true, some greatly embellished. The Renaissance benefitted from the convergence of facilitating inventions, political-economic developments, and the discovery of new lands. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Facilitating Inventions</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Astrolabe: a mechanical device for determining one’s position in relation to the Sun and constellations. It could be used for calculating distances as well. It was vital for sea navigation. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Magnetic Compass: A device that consistently and accurately measures direction, using a magnetically charged “lodestone” (iron oxide) that aligns north and south. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mechanical Clock: The earliest accurate mechanical clocks used the pendulum (which had been invented by Galileo) to mark time, and to assure accuracy within a few seconds. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gunpowder: an chemical explosive and firearm propellant that consists of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate (saltpeter). Its use transformed warfare in Europe, and gave great advantage to invading armies coming from Spain to the Americas. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Printing Press: invented by Gutenberg, the printing press made it possible to spread pamphlets, religious tracts, and publicity, both raising literacy and a knowledge of the world and its marvels. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Map of the World: The “Mappa Mundi” published by Amerigo Vespucci was the map that suggested that there were many more yet to be explored lands in that great space between Europe and Asia. The Mappa Mundi inflamed the imagination of generations and triggered investment in joint stock companies and expeditions. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Facilitating Political Developments</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Unified Spain: Spain was unified by the marriage of Ferdinand (Aragon) to Isabella (Castile), and the union of their kingdoms. No longer was it partially dominated by the Moors, and no longer was it referred to as Al-Andalus. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">La Reconquista: The term that signifies the final expulsion of the Moors from the Iberian Peninsula in 1492.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Church of England / Henry VIII: The creation of a new church – somewhere between Catholic and Protestant, successfully wrested the power of the Catholic Church and lodged it squarely on the head of its ruler, who was head of both the secular and the religious state. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Elizabeth I: Sought to heal wounds of religious partisanship and seek reconciliation. Elizabeth I was focused on rebuilding England through protecting itself and not wasting resources on internecine clashes. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Facilitating Economic Developments</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Financed Voyages for Spice, Gold, Jewels, Treasure: Kings and queens, especially those of the unified Spain under Ferdinand and Isabella, were willing to gamble and invest in expeditions in search of gold and treasure. The investments paid off many times over. The territories were extremely rich, not only in gold but also in productivity. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Medici Mercantilism: The Medicis invested in trade, with the goal of opening up new routes and controlling territories. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Privateering - Legalized Piracy: The French and English preyed upon the Spanish galleons because they often held cargos of gold, silver, and jewels. They allowed pirates to be legitimate rather than outlaws, as long as they shared with the king or queen. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Colonialism: Colonies were established in the Americas, determined by which nation first staked a legitimate claim. At the end of the Renaissance, the following countries had claimed territory for their countries. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Spain: North America, Central America, South America, Philippines</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Portugal: Parts of South America and the Caribbean, parts of India, Java, Africa</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">France: Islands in the Caribbean and New France (Canada)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">England: Parts of Canada, a few islands in the Caribbean, parts of North America</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Holland: Parts of Africa and South America, West Africa</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Reflect: That was impressive! What impresses you most?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. The Reconquista</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Unification of Spain</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. Voyages of Discovery</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. Inventions such as the astrolabe and magnetic compass</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. The evolving level of knowledge of geography of the world</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6. Privateers</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7. French exploration of Canada</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8. Control of trade networks</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Expand! Let’s Explore the World</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Voyages of Discovery</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Magellan: According to most historians, the Portuguese nobleman Ferdinand Magellan never actually planned to the globe. He was simply trying to find a new way to get to the Spice Islands of the East Indies. He commanded a fleet of 5 ships, and went from Portugal to Patagonia through the Strait of Magellan, where he encountered many storms. He arrived in the Spice Islands in 1521, after two years on the seas. He was killed in the Philippines on April 27, 1521. His ships returned home via the Indian Ocean and then around Africa via the Cape of Good Hope. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Columbus: Columbus, born in 1451 in Genoa, Italy to a weaver, was the first to explorer to encounter the Americas, which he did in his first voyage in 1492 in which he was trying to find a direct path from Europe to Asia. His later voyages, which took place in 1493, 1498, and 1502, were motivated by the same goal. Needless to say, he did not find a direct route to Asia, but he did encounter Hispaniola, Trinidad, and the South American mainland. In his last voyage, he encountered Panama where he was attacked by hostile natives. He died in Spain in 1506. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Martin Frobisher: An English privateer and explorer, Martin Frobisher set out to find a Northwest Passage that would provide a direct link from England to Asia. Born in 1535 in Yorkshire, first sailed at the age of 9 when he joined the Navy as a cabin boy. In addition to attempting to find a direct route to China and India, Frobisher tried to find vast stores of the gold and silver that the Spanish had encountered. He was unsuccessful, although he did bring back ore (primarily different types of iron ore, he later found out) in each of his three voyages. Although Frobisher never did find gold (and eventually bankrupted his company), he did claim territory for the Queen of England, and also gained prestige and honor for being a talented privateer, bringing back much Spanish gold to fill the English coffers. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cabot: John Cabot (born Giovanni Caboto in Venice) received a commission from King Henry VII of England to explore the northern Atlantic. He landed near Newfoundland or southern Labrador. He returned to England, where he equipped a second expedition, but unfortunately, disappeared, probably perished in a shipwreck. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cartier: Jacques Cartier sailed on behalf of France’s King Francis I in 1534 in order to find gold, spices, and gems in the Americas. Cartier successfully completed three expeditions in which he traveled up the St Lawrence River to the point that France could claim the territory that was first called “Kanata” (Huron-Iroquois for “settlement”). Cartier brought back massive quantities of ore, but they were disappointingly devoid of gold, silver, or precious gemstones. His last voyage took place in 1541. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vasco de Gama: Born in Portugal around 1460, Vasco Da Gama’s first voyage rounded the Cape of Good Hope in Africa. His crew spent time in Mozambique, a Muslim city-state, Kenya, before sailing for India. Da Gama and his crew stayed in Calicut for three months. The people he encountered in his travels to Asia and Africa were traders and controlled very lucrative routes. Although he had received much hospitality, the King of Portugal charged Vasco da Gama with finding a way to dominate the trade routes. So, da Gama obliged his king and embarked upon grisly massacres. He did find a way to carve an alliance with the local leaders, and so was able to return home alive. Portugal claimed India as its own and created a Viceroyalty. Later, da Gama was named Portuguese viceroy in India. He died in India, still holding the title of viceroy. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Drake: Francis Drake, explorer, pirate (legitimized as a “privateer”), commissioned by Queen Elizabeth I. One of the most successful plunderers of Spanish galleons, Drake brought significant quantities of Spanish treasure back to England and to Queen Elizabeth I. Drake was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe. An accomplished naval officer, Drake was part of the team that defeated the Spanish Armada. Drake died in 1596 in Panama. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Coronado: Francisco Vazquez de Coronado (1510 – 1554) was governor of New Spain when he was essentially duped by reports of Seven Cities of Cibola that were theoretically paved with gold. In search of the famed cities, Coronado traveled up the western coast of Mexico, and through the desert Southwest through what is now California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Oklahoma, encountering along the way the Grand Canyon and very hostile Indians. He wintered in Santa Fe, New Mexico, and spent the spring in Palo Duro Canyon (in the Texas Panhandle). The expeditions considered an expensive failure, Coronado returned to Mexico where he eventually lost his governorship of Nueva Galicia and spend his last days on the city council of Mexico City. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Champlain: Samuel de Champlain was an explorer who helped colonize French North America through his extensive exploration of Canada. He founded the city of Quebec, and helped popularize New France with French settlers. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ponce de Leon: Born in 1474 in Leon, Spain, Juan Ponce de Leon was a member of the Aragonese nobility. He traveled to the Americas where he served as the governor of the eastern province of Hispaniola. He discovered Puerto Rico, Bimini, and also explored parts of Florida near what is now St. Augustine. Ponce de Leon died in Cuba.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Explore the Relationships between Exploration, Conquest, and Economic Systems</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Exploration and conquest usually meant that a single European country controlled a part of a continent. This was a positive thing on the face of it, but there were tremendous costs. First, it was quite expensive to run a continent, and the 20 percent tax (la quinta) imposed by the Spanish government did not do much to defray the costs, particularly when there were uprisings and uncertain production of gold, silver, and plantation items. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Also, having control of a vast territory made you a target, which Spain quickly found out after galleon after galleon was attached and pillaged for its cargo. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The main economic system during this time was trade, which made a mercantilist economy a must. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Discuss: Similarity and Differences</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What are the similarities and differences of the territories held by Spain, England, France, and Portugal? </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Check your knowledge Quiz (5 questions):</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Astrolabe: a device used to </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">a. shave down the edges of gold coins</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">b. measure the clouds and predict the kind of precipitation that would occur</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">c. calculate distances by means of stars and the Sun (correct) </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">d. used in astrology to predict one’s destiny</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Magellan</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">a. founded a series of investment funds used to finance voyages</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">b. born in Norway and raised by his uncle, The Merchant of Venice</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">c. the first to circumnavigate the world (correct)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">d. killed in Goa, India by a tiger</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. Mappa Mundi</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">a. a spice used to create a peppery meat dish</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">b. a map of the world published and sold widely (correct)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">c. a map that given to Coronado and which showed the location of the Seven Cities of Cibola </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">d. another term for the Spice Islands</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. Privateer</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. A pirate who received a commission from a king or queen to plunder on their behalf (correct)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. A type of ship developed by Frobisher which had a special cargo hold for private storage for investors</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. A person who did not work for the government but had a company dedicated to private enterprise</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. A type of weaving used to create sturdy hammocks. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. Coronado</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. The governor of Nueva Galicia (Mexico) who raised funds to explore for the Seven Cities of Cibola, supposedly paved with gold (correct) </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. A method of roasting meat that was essentially flame-broiled over open flames, used in Argentina and in Chile</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. The explorer who searched for the Fountain of Youth, and discovered Puerto Rico and Florida</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. The coronation of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Glossary</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Galleon: Spanish ship used for transporting gold to Europe and back</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Privateer: Pirate with a commission from a king or queen</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Astrolabe: device used in navigating using the stars </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mechanical clock: mechanism for keeping time using a pendulum</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gunpowder: chemical explosive containing charcoal and saltpeter</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Magnetic compass: a device with an iron oxide lodestone that always aligns itself to the north and south</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Reconquista: Christian takeover of the Iberian peninsula</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mappa Mundi: the map of the known world in the 1500s</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">La quinta: the 20% tax imposed by the Spanish monarchy on production in New Spain</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Al-Andalus: The Arabic term used by the Moors to denote the Iberian peninsula</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Key Takeaways</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Upon successful completion of this unit, you will be able to </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. List key world events during the Renaissance</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Describe voyages of discovery </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. Explain how new inventions made long voyages possible</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. Discuss the unification of Spain</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. Identify benefits to England for having privateers and pirates</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lesson Toolbox</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Resources (links) </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Renaissance Links</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Encyclopedia Britannica: Renaissance art and architecture. </span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Renaissance" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.britannica.com/event/Renaissance</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Metropolitan Museum of Art: Renaissance. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/baroque-art/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/baroque-art/</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">History.com: Renaissance Art: </span><a href="http://www.history.com/topics/renaissance-art" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.history.com/topics/renaissance-art</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Art Institute of Chicago: Arms, Armor, Medieval, and Renaissance </span><a href="http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/armor" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/armor</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Virtual Uffizi Gallery / Florence. </span><a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/+UffiziFlorence" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://plus.google.com/u/0/+UffiziFlorence</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Art Museums: Where to see Renaissance Art. </span><a href="https://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Art-Museums.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Art-Museums.html</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Renaissance Inventions: </span><a href="http://www.inventionware.com/renaissance-inventions/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.inventionware.com/renaissance-inventions/</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">More, Thomas. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Utopia.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2130/2130-h/2130-h.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2130/2130-h/2130-h.htm</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Machiavelli, Niccolo. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Prince.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1232" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1232</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Grotius. The Rights of War and Peace. </span><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/46564" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/46564</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cortes, Hernan. Letters to Emperor Carlos V. </span><a href="https://archive.org/stream/lettersofcorts01cortuoft/lettersofcorts01cortuoft_djvu.txt" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://archive.org/stream/lettersofcorts01cortuoft/lettersofcorts01cortuoft_djvu.txt</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lope de Vega. Comedias: El remedio en la desdicha; El major alcalde, el rey. </span><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28408" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28408</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Calderon de la Barca. La Vida Es Sueño. </span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2587/2587-h/2587-h.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2587/2587-h/2587-h.htm</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Garcilaso de la Vega. The works of Garcilaso de la Vega. </span><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/49410" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/49410</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Montaigne, Michel. Essays. </span><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/3600/3600-h/3600-h.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.gutenberg.org/files/3600/3600-h/3600-h.htm</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. </span><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2235" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2235</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Petrarch. Sonnets. Triumphs and other Poems. </span><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17650" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17650</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sir Philip Sidney. Astrophel and Stella. </span><a href="https://archive.org/details/sirpshisastroph00sidngoog" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://archive.org/details/sirpshisastroph00sidngoog</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><div><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">-- Susan Smith Nash, Ph.D. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIe1a0htc-af0LiKbxoL43JY6i_TFU9gvVQgtkRTd4A7LHHRDoZmaDPcuKJi7ZV4DhMA3jV7DioPoMgPVeRXCOQ48G1MRJPdkJllChvnpR66pBug8Js9ZMCSH0F-QWMalt1UV88AaNS4RYn8sFLV88LgbjbABFe0ru1ySVytOHUlsL_P7BEw/s400/susan-nash.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Susan Smith Nash, Ph.D." border="0" data-original-height="388" data-original-width="400" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIe1a0htc-af0LiKbxoL43JY6i_TFU9gvVQgtkRTd4A7LHHRDoZmaDPcuKJi7ZV4DhMA3jV7DioPoMgPVeRXCOQ48G1MRJPdkJllChvnpR66pBug8Js9ZMCSH0F-QWMalt1UV88AaNS4RYn8sFLV88LgbjbABFe0ru1ySVytOHUlsL_P7BEw/w200-h194/susan-nash.png" title="Susan Smith Nash, Ph.D." width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Susan Smith Nash, Ph.D.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div></span>susan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220609.post-48780432983523609022022-02-06T20:09:00.001-06:002022-02-06T20:09:08.713-06:00Fort Greene Park, Brooklyn, NY: Prison Ship Martyrs Monument<p> <span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">12 or 13 years ago, they completed the restoration of the Prison Ship Martyrs Monument, a 149-foot tall Doric column with an ornate metal urn and an eternal flame, almost as though someone had grabbed the flame from the Statue of Liberty and hoisted it here, the green was such a familiar color. </span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-fa9472bf-7fff-10e1-be01-4162f07ac531"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The initial enthusiasm has clearly given way to indifference, or the tedious attention of true believers; somehow this place is not exciting the passion of those who visit. The small visitor’s center and museum is a single room with a brace of hand-held muskets on the wall, some curling, fading cardstock maps and lists, and then a blurry parchment document with fuzzy, hard-to-read list of names of the men held in the fetid bowels of rotted wood. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As for a small nature center, there is a small glass case with a tree branch that has dead leaves on it, and placard, “Our Marvelous Cockroaches” (or something like that). I did not lean in close to the glass to see if I could see them. I just assumed they were those magnificent waterbugs you often see in Houston after a flood, which have a sleek amber husk and are the length of my pinky finger. Welcome, Grigor Samsa. You’re telling me magic happens here. I believe you. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Over the course of 6 or 7 years, 11,500 men and women prisoners died here – by 2s or 3s or tens at a time, all depending on the degree of ice, mosquitoes and outbreaks in general. “Bring up your dead!” and there you’d roll up your buddy in his hammock, the same buddy who had been asking for his wife or his mother, and a small sip, please, of water. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wrapped in his own hammock, and slung over your shoulders, you’d tremble under his weight, even though he was at this point, a sad bag of bones. Then you’d tremble again because your own thin tendons had become like stiff rawhide and because your mind had become a hard, dark, flat emotionless mirror of the brutal way the fragile being on the floor becomes a cockroach and not a brother with a name; a vector of some infectious, toxic regicidal idea, and not an open-hearted dairy owner’s son with a dream and a soft-eyed girlfriend the next farm over. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I’m walking up the steps to the monument. I stop and pause at the small columns with golden eagles perched atop them. My eyes fill with tears. I do not know why. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Flash memory. Cold December evening. I’m on the tram back to Roosevelt Island, where my cousin, Elizabeth, has graciously invited me to stay with her a week or so, as I have job interviews, order wholesale items for my fledgling business, “Perfumes Plus” and, attend training for the products I’ll be representing in Latin America, commission only. The lights of the city reflect in the river. My cousin can see her parents’ building across the East River. Her rent is $2,500 per month for a luxury apartment. It’s another $400 to rent a space for her car. She thinks it’s a bargain. That was 25 years ago. It is probably $5,000, but she has long since married and moved away to San Francisco. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I moved on, too, earning my Ph.D. and breaking out of my own prison ship of self-hatred and doubt, where the only escape was a Dionysian frenzy of sweat and loss after loss after loss. Heartache is not really good for the soul, no matter what the Heidelberg ruined-castle Faust & Co. wants to sell you. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Did I simply move from one prison ship to another? Yes, of course, that’s what happened. But, at the same time, I don’t want trivialize the true prison ship experience by metaphoricizing it, although I probably need to spend a bit of time looking at what happened and trying to understand why. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let’s just say I gave up. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Urban Rangers. I’m so grateful for them! My moments in the miniscule Prison Ship Martyrs Monument museum and Nature Center did little more than provoke more questions. How did Walt Whitman get involved? Did he write a poem? How could he live with himself, with his deep, deep sense of compassion and connectedness? Oh, my. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When I was in Heidelberg I felt that this was the absolute birthplace of German Romanticism. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now I have the sense that the Prison Ship Martyrs’ Monument is the true birthplace of American Transcendentalism, but even as I say that, I sort of hate to do so, because I run the risk of intellectualizing something that is so emotionally compelling and intense, with bones and skulls washing up onto the river’s edge, onto the cutbanks and point bars, each time there was a flood or a crazy high tide. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Did Walt Whitman encounter a human remain in his walks along the East River in Wallabout Bay? Did he see a skull? A tibia bone? I suspect he did. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As Heidelberg was the birthplace of German Romanticism, I suspect Wallabout Bay was the true birthplace of American Transcendentalism – at least Walt Whitman’s transcendentalism. Walt Whitman believe, more than anything, that we’re all connected and that there is an ultimate of unity. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I mean, how could you ever go back after you encountered washed up bones on the banks of the East River during your daily walk?? And, you would have known that the bones you were seeing were those of those who died without ever being able to let their loved ones know where they were, and being able to tell them they were not rejecting them; it was just that they were detained incommunicado due to circumstances beyond their control </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oh, my. If you were inclined to believe in the interconnectedness of all souls and all beings, how could stumbling upon bones not affect you. Suddenly, Shakespeare’s scene in Hamlet that features “Oh Poor Yorick” seems trivial. Yorick was at least known at one time during his life. What can we say about these prisoners of war? </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What can we say about the way that they, too, caught the viral dream of liberty? </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">My Uber driver’s name was Suleyman and he was from Mauritania. He used to spend weeks in a small town outside Shanghai where they would custom-make t-shirts and other clothing for him to ship and sell in Mauritania. He speaks French, Arabic, and English. Now he drives for Uber and lives in a two-bedroom, 1-1/2 bath apartment in a part of Brooklyn near the COPE Institute. His brother and his wife use one bedroom. He and his wife and child live in the other. Is this better than Mauritania? I am quite certain that it is many, many times worse than his lifestyle there. But, ironically, perhaps he has a surplus that he can wire back home. I am only guessing. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Walt Whitman is walking along the East River. He is rounding the curve to Wallabout Bay. He looks down and he sees the whiteness of a bone pushing itself, birthing itself through the sand, and then he sees a skull crowning itself through the slimy muck of a tidal flat. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">And suddenly, I ache, ache, ache as though I were giving birth with my heart as well as the rest of my body. Is this what Walt Whitman felt, singing “the body electric” connected to not only the souls who live but the collective energy of those who suffered and died alone, invisible. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Somewhere along the trajectory of the bone-voyages, the owner of a Long Island farm where a hundred or so were interred, passionately refused to let anyone disturb them, and only relented when he was promised to be able to be buried with their bones, wherever that might be, however that might take place. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">And so it was. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">But, I wonder if he ever saw the boundless, transcendent Doric column, the eternal flame, the leaf-rustling of oblivion as the west wind takes hopes and dreams into the drizzly gray soft sinking into night. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">And, if you inhale, hold it, and pause, you’ll hear the whispers behind the bones. </span></p><div><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></span>susan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220609.post-90651006186710647792021-02-24T21:26:00.003-06:002021-02-24T21:26:47.063-06:00Nineteenth-Century Female Novelists Incorporated Scientific, Philosophical, and Economic Concepts<p><span style="font-family: georgia;">I had a conversation with a friend who mentioned that she was having a hard time finding female intellectuals pre-20th century. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;">It is not easy. If one looks at the dominant cultural structure (universities, Royal Societies, journals, presses), you just will not find them. There is always a smattering – most of whom led tortured lives. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;">But, if you look at the so-called “popular” writers, who wrote novels and poetry, it is surprising how many deal directly with philosophical and scientific ideas, and even propose their own. The first two who come to mind are Elizabeth Gaskell and Mary Elizabeth Braddon. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;">Elizabeth Gaskell wrote an industrial novel, <i>North and South,</i> that far surpasses Benjamin Disraeli’s <i>Sybil: The Two Englands</i>, which is an effective depiction of the impact of industrialization on the populace of England, and a reminder of the fact that England was a nation of conquered and subjugated: the victorious invaders, the Normans, and the subjugated and dominated losers, the Anglo-Saxons. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;">What were Elizabeth Gaskell’s deeper philosophical ideas? </span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;">Utilitarian ideas reflected in the discussions about factory life and factory owners in the “North.” She also discusses at length the implications of religion and religious beliefs. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;">One of my favorite books of Elizabeth Gaskell is <i>My Lady Ludlow.</i> Lady Ludlow is between generations, and reflects on French friends and relations she lost during the French Revolution, on the guillotine. Her orientation and mindset is one of duty and honor; she contrasts that with the new ideas of the day, which seem to focus on libertinage (rather than liberty). The novel is set in 1800, as reflections of a poor relation of Lady Ludlow. The poor relation, Miss Golindo, is a young woman, with chronic pain from a disfiguring accident, impoverished by her irresponsible father who gambled away the family’s wealth, now has few chances of marriage. Lady Ludlow gives her a home, covers her expenses, and shares her values. What develops is a deep regard and respect for the woman who, at first glance, seems to be a relict from the past, who resists change of all kinds. Lady Ludlow’s son is a profligate and a deep disappointment. I consider this book a philosophical novel of the first water, and I would like to re-read and revisit it. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;">Mary Elizabeth Braddon is another intellectual consigned to a role as a popular novelist. Braddon’s works are chock-full of allusions to Greek mythology, and they incorporate and challenge the scientific notions of the day. She was also subversive. Lady Audley threw her husband down a well so she could marry a wealthy man, and when she was found out, she explained it was not her fault. Her mother died in a madhouse, so she, herself was genetically doomed to homicidal madness. The homicidal stepfathers and wastrel con men fathers do not get an easy out. They are not considered insane, although they are clearly psychopaths. It is an ugly, sad moment of reckoning when the daughter realizes that her father murdered her mother in <i>Thou Art the Man</i>. Likewise, it is an ugly moment when an heiress whose mother has fallen under the spell of an evil, domineering dentist, Philip Sheldon, in <i>Birds of Prey </i>and <i>Charlotte’s Inheritance</i>. The good doctor is slowly poisoning the young heiress, and, like any good “black widow” psychopath from <i>The Forensic Files</i>, he feigns concern and compassion. He’s a monster. </span></p><div><br /></div>susan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220609.post-53246698505056942962020-08-30T23:04:00.002-05:002024-02-16T17:47:31.102-06:00Who Really Paid for the Sun King's Versailles? A Look at Le Code Noir and France's Slave Trade<p> If behind each gorgeously ornate Baroque cathedral in Mexico and throughout Latin America there is a blood-soaked history, is the same the case for Louis XIV, the self-appointed Sun King, and his stunning complex, Versailles? </p><p>In a word, “yes.” The sugar plantations and the slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean produced the vast wealth needed to supplement the draconian taxation system in place in rural France. The French were the third largest slave traders in the world, after the British and the Portuguese. The sugar and indigo plantations in the Caribbean included those in Haiti (Saint-Domingue), with 773,000 slaves, Martinique, with 217,200, and Guadeloupe, with 73,000 (Slavery and Remembrance, 2020). There was also a significant French slave trade to North America through New Orleans. </p><p>There was an ongoing high demand for slaves to work in the sugar plantations where crushed sugar cane was used for fuel, molasses, sugar, and the base for rum. Work in the fields, as well as in the sugar cane processing plants, was dangerous and harsh, with long hours and few moments to rest. The plantation owners profited from the sale of their sugar cane-based products, but often the largest profits came from the slave trade itself. The slave ships and their voyages were financed by investors who often received enormous profits, although there could be risk, such as disease, shipwreck, or slave uprising, which give some indication of the horrific conditions during the “Middle Passage” – where the deeply unfortunate Africans were chained down in the lower decks of aging, borderline-unseaworthy boats. </p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Le Code Noir in the Caribbean and in Louisiana</h3><p>Called the most monstrous document of modern times (Sala-Molins, 2006), the Code Noir (Black Code) was passed in 1685 by Louis XIV in Versailles. Drafted by Controller General of Finance Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683), Le Code Noir contained 60 articles that specifically addressed the way that slaves were to be treated. Immediately implemented, the document was used throughout the French colonial empire. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin3cszJMDTz_PSCh98O00hDWf0dPD6hAtJIvNTQPN4qHdXNm1W65Sd5hEniEx5bj8RG2Ofw0Xdf-WbE3lelq8KrWpnQKENXR75uY_rTj0Lor_pjrz9-4Bx6ERoaM5EEguSmsym/s391/col_code-noir.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="391" data-original-width="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin3cszJMDTz_PSCh98O00hDWf0dPD6hAtJIvNTQPN4qHdXNm1W65Sd5hEniEx5bj8RG2Ofw0Xdf-WbE3lelq8KrWpnQKENXR75uY_rTj0Lor_pjrz9-4Bx6ERoaM5EEguSmsym/s0/col_code-noir.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>A later version of it, applying specifically to Louisiana, was passed in 1724 after a large number of slaves were transported to New Orleans as a part of the disastrous “Mississippi Scheme” investment bubble, described at length in Charles Mackay’s book, Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds (1841). Napoleon Bonaparte’s Code Civil (1803) incorporated it in response to the Haitian revolution that led to independence and the abolition of slavery in that country. </p><p>The Code reflects Governor Bienville’s fear that the quickly growing population of slaves who were brought in to provide labor might overwhelm the non-slaves. He wanted to control a rapidly growing slave population. </p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Le Code Noir (The Black Code)</h3><p>Le Code Noir goes a long way in explaining the deeply implanted ideas, attitudes, and beliefs that still exist in the American South. After all, the Code was a Code of Law and as such, enforceable by pain of legal punishment. It governed the way that whites and blacks must interact with each other and set out very rigid and explicit limits. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi74ZFPLFoTzKPafDe8UnPgEF5uIJ6i3wZn70iRWazz3jw2seHTC_OIgOKbq4wpFLZEdKuC92tnyC1fZkHmufMapchH_j0GXmZFIXGMbgU_jAd4y3ztMRB6SQ4Do_C3r_sLD6Kl/s498/Code_noir.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi74ZFPLFoTzKPafDe8UnPgEF5uIJ6i3wZn70iRWazz3jw2seHTC_OIgOKbq4wpFLZEdKuC92tnyC1fZkHmufMapchH_j0GXmZFIXGMbgU_jAd4y3ztMRB6SQ4Do_C3r_sLD6Kl/s0/Code_noir.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>Le Code Noir also helps us disavow ourselves of any illusions that slavery was anything but a cruel, dehumanizing practice. It is common to hear the argument that slavery was tantamount to a paternalistic social welfare system. If one has no contact with facts, it might be possible to believe that fairy tale. But all one has to do is to read a few of the 60 articles to gain an appreciation of how nefariously cruel it was. Not only did it incorporate physical brutality into its law, it created and hardened toxic, inhuman ideas about fellow human beings. Those ideas persist into today’s world. </p><p>A quick review of some of the sixty articles give us a sense of how all-encompassing they were and also how they reflected the values of the time and also set them in place for the future. </p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Overview of the Articles in Le Code Noir</h3><p>Articles I-VI: This part of the Code Noir focuses on the Roman Catholic religion. The first article states that any Jews who may be living on the island must leave. It does not say why, so we must enter into a bit of conjecture. No other religions except Roman Catholicism are allowed, and all slaves must be baptized and instructed into the faith. This edict provides insight into why and when the religious beliefs they carried from Africa would have been blended into and potentially disguised or cloaked by a veneer of Catholicism. This seems very similar to what happened in Peru and other parts of Latin America, in a process of syncretism. </p><h4 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">The Moor’s Baptism. Ludwig Emil Grimm (1841)</span></h4><p>Articles VII – XIII: These articles rigidly control the relationships between slaves and non-slaves, and they set out complex rules and punishments for having relationships, attempting to marry, having children, and more. These articles are profoundly dehumanizing and invasive of something that would ordinarily be considered to be very private and personal. </p><p>Articles XIV – XXVII: Slaves are not allowed to carry anything that could be used as a weapon. These articles describe the kinds of punishment to be meted out in response to different behaviors. They are incredibly cruel. Slaves are not allowed to engage in commerce or to have money. </p><p>There are numerous articles that describe how and when a slave can be punishable by death. Slaves could be put to death for something as harmless as slapping one in the face. It was also perfectly legal to beat slaves with straps whenever the master thought it was warranted. </p><p>These are just a few of the sixty separate articles. Reading them makes the 21st century reader feel a sense of horrified astonishment, and it’s extremely hard to imagine how and why such behavior was justified. </p><p>Louisiana’s Code Noir (1724) was based on Louis XIV’s law, and it made it illegal for blacks and whites to marry. Centuries of institutionalized racism, and the reinforcement through the judicial system, probably make people unaware of their own deep biases. </p><h3 style="text-align: left;">The Person behind Le Code Noir</h3><p>Jean-Baptiste Colbert is credited for designing and carrying out a program of economic reconstruction that made France the dominant power in Europe. That economic reconstruction included increased tribute and taxation in the countryside, expanded slave trade, expanded commerce with the colonies, and an expansion into the Caribbean. The provisions in Le Code Noir are law, but they are also crimes against humanity. It is important to note that although Jean-Baptiste Colbert drafted the Code, he was by no means an outlier. His views were widely held by individuals who owned the plantations, mills, and equipment. There is a sculpted bust of Jean-Baptiste Colbert in the Louvre Museum in Paris. </p><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b>Portrait of Jean-Baptist Colbert</b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Le Code Noir and Literature</h3><p>The laws surrounding the treatment, conditions, and interactions of slaves permeated all aspects of southern life. Many works of literature incorporated the code and depicted the impact on individuals who were living their lives. </p><p>One contemporary example written in Louisiana while the impact of the Code. Louisiana resident Kate Chopin’s “Desiree’s Baby,” a short story published in 1893, depicts the anguish of a woman of uncertain origin who has married one of the most prominent members of the parish. In the story, Armand Aubigny, the owner of L’Abri plantation, marries Desiree, who was foundling of unknown origin, who was raised by the compassionate Madame Valmont. In this story, the baby that Desiree has with her husband, is absolutely adored by both. </p><p><br /></p><p>However, one day, doubt is cast into the race of the baby. Desiree is accused of being of mixed parentage. Grief stricken, she leaves with her baby, possibly to never return. Her husband watches her leave. Then he assembles all the old letters and other correspondence he can find. As he goes through the documents, he happens upon a letter from his mother to his father. In it, she expresses gratitude to her husband and to the fact that their son will never know the fact that he has African blood.</p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b> REFERENCES</b></h3><p>Grimm, Ludwig Emil. Die Mohnrentaufe (The Moor’s baptism) <a href="https://universes.art/en/documenta/2017/documenta-14-kassel/06-neue-galerie/ludwig-emil-grimm">https://universes.art/en/documenta/2017/documenta-14-kassel/06-neue-galerie/ludwig-emil-grimm</a></p><p>Mackay, C. (1841). Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds. Project Gutenberg. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/24518/24518-h/24518-h.htm#miss_scheme">https://www.gutenberg.org/files/24518/24518-h/24518-h.htm#miss_scheme</a></p><p>Sala-Molins, Louis. (2006). Dark Side of the Light: Slavery and the French Enlightenment, translated by John Conteh-Morgan, University of Minnesota Press.</p><p>Slavery and Remembrance. (2020). The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. <a href="http://slaveryandremembrance.org/articles/article/?id=A0097">http://slaveryandremembrance.org/articles/article/?id=A0097</a></p><p><br /></p>susan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220609.post-56762612909062074052020-06-29T22:31:00.000-05:002020-06-29T22:31:03.323-05:00SLAB OF DREAMS: STROUD, OKLAHOMA <a href="http://www.zenzebra.net/podcasts/slab-of-dreams.mp3" target="_blank">Listen to the recording here (podcast)</a><br />
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This vast grey white slab was once an outlet mall before the May 3rd, 1999 tornado outbreak sucked it into its vortex of change and dismay.<br />
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It was your birthday and we were dining at On the Border, watching the monitors as electric lines and transformers flashed abeyance to the tornado’s raucous sojourn.<br />
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Now, the slab is there, a perfect congregating point for 10 or so flashy cars seeking new owners; an impromptu car lot replete with hopes and dreams and the ghost’s footsteps over the vestigial trace of walls now long gone more than 20 years.<br />
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My mind's eye reconstructs that once-proud outlet mall, an important employer for a small town halfway between Tulsa and Oklahoma City.<br />
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It purveyed its quirky treasures and extraordinary values for Turnpike travelers on an Oklahoma New Silk Road.<br />
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It was my lovely prairie caravanserai; I loved to sip on a cappuccino and watch the ebb and flow of human interaction shaped around the buying and selling and selecting of those consumables we now consider our life.<br />
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March 7, 2020<br />
Norman, Oklahoma<br />
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susan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220609.post-20262736021310573592020-06-22T22:00:00.001-05:002024-02-16T17:47:47.219-06:00IN THE SHADOW OF CONEY ISLAND<a href="http://www.zenzebra.net/podcasts/shadow-of-coney-island.mp3" target="_blank">Listen to the recording here: Podcast.</a><br />
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Footsteps clatter<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>fairy tales crossing<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>a wooden bridge<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>or the slow ascent<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>metal wheels, the rackety thrill<br />
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Flags fly high<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>over the original immersive idea<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>a theme park<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>a triggered memory<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>what a Boardwalk ought to be<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>sands slipping away with the offshore currents<br />
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You know what friendship is<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>tides, currents, water sliding by<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>and suddenly you have a point bar or a barrier island<br />
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<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>a towering rollercoaster on shore<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>a soft smile in your mirror<br />
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March 6, 2020<br />
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susan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220609.post-20731157033535436912020-06-15T14:09:00.000-05:002020-06-15T14:09:14.802-05:00A Strategy for Analyzing Joseph Wright of Derby's "Experiment on a Bird in an Air Pump" (1768).<div style="background-color: white; color: #2d3b45; font-family: Lato, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-top: 12px;">
Joseph Wright of Derby is one of my favorite artists, and his explorations of science / natural philosophy tell us a great deal about life in the 18th century, and underlying beliefs.</div>
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Please watch my guide for analyzing Joseph Wright's "Experiment on a Bird in an Air Pump" (1768).</div>
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<br />susan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220609.post-18092604178365152402020-06-01T22:04:00.000-05:002020-06-01T22:04:03.605-05:00THE CRUMBLING OF THE VANILLA WAFER<a href="http://www.zenzebra.net/podcasts/wafer.mp3" target="_blank">Listen to the podcast. </a><br />
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The sharp snap<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>of the sacred<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>the sugar, the will<br />
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bent, persuaded<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>by slow syrup drizzling<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>down from on high<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>your words whispered<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>sweet<br />
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A delicate demitasse<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>in a tiny tangle<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>napkins, ribbons<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>dreams<br />
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The crackle of the wrapper<br />
a sense of a new beginning<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>words lying on their sides<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>on my outstretched palm<br />
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<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>the structure of belief<br />
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March 6, 2020<br />
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<br />susan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220609.post-12551631830718410102020-05-24T21:46:00.000-05:002020-05-24T21:46:05.733-05:00A CICADA’S LIFE<a href="http://www.zenzebra.net/podcasts/cicada-life.mp3" target="_blank">Listen to the podcast / poetry reading. </a><br />
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Harsh buzz whine whir scream<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>blind illumination<br />
You’re the perfect cicada<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>17 years of anticipation<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>a short sweet hot<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>moment of life<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>for life’s sake<br />
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I’m only here to breed<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>let’s get that straight<br />
That’s why my hallmark sound is<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>of whip-sawed metal<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>and the concrete<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>you stroll down as though<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>summer would never die<br />
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If the night is sweet<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>the air damp and warm<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>the dog watering fountain splashy<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>with the sound of a collar and fur shaking<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>I may take a moment to stare into the stars<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Imagine stardust under my incessantly vibrating wings<br />
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I saw you as you took that final fall<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>my pine needles will say nothing<br />
As your wings turn to weeping<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>the night deepens<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>consciousness<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>leaves not a mark<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
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August 24, 2019<br />
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susan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220609.post-59652267296008412132020-05-19T11:31:00.002-05:002020-05-19T11:31:38.904-05:00How the world is pivoting: Where will investment go in the next 18 - 24 months? <br />
Here is an expanded presentation for Pivoting During the Pandemic, Part 2<br />
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<br />susan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220609.post-4878600386703964372020-04-27T22:57:00.002-05:002024-02-16T17:48:22.653-06:00Prevailing during the Pandemic: New Revenue Sources and New Diversification StrategiesIf you operate oil and gas wells, own a basketball team, work for an airline, provide catering for large conferences, or provide science or engineering for the energy industry, COVID-19 has hit you like an F5 tornado. Your business will be hit hard over the next 18 - 24 months. What do you do during that time?<br />
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Here is a 7-step strategy for diversifying yourself and your business to weather the storm, and emerge with new potential revenue streams that can work now, and continue in the future.<br />
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That strategy will include the following, and more: <br />
<ul>
<li> Redeploying: Repurposing your human capital and existing resources to meet current and emerging needs</li>
<li> Investments 2020 - 2022: New investments in manufacturing and capacity building in response to COVID-19</li>
<li> Selective import substitution: global supply chain resilience with local results</li>
<li> Economies of scale revisited, this time with smart technology</li>
<li> Comparative advantage revisited: this time with smart technology and local markets</li>
<li> 7-Step Plan: Identifying new revenue sources and diversification opportunities </li>
<li> Aligning your assets (human and physical capital) with emerging needs</li>
</ul>
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<b>Background and Contexts</b><br />
In the span of a mere few months, the much of the world went from a state of exuberant self-actualization to the most primal level of survival (health, food, shelter) insecurity. Import-dependent island economies were perhaps the first to run out of food, water, medicine, and other necessities. Even even the largest economies faced and will continue to face tremendous supply chain ruptures that are of such a scale that they could usher in severe shortages of basic necessities of food, medicine, medical equipment, transportation and warehousing that could result in widespread hunger, disease, and structural unemployment.<br />
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Link to the PowerPoint presentation (pdf format):<br />
<a href="http://www.zenzebra.net/podcast/repurposing-capacity.pdf">http://www.zenzebra.net/podcast/repurposing-capacity.pdf</a><br />
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Link to a video recording / podcast of the PPT presentation. :)<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/COy--d68jNE">https://youtu.be/COy--d68jNE</a><br />
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Virtually every country in the world has been plunged into the same situation, resulting in a common outcry, “Never again will we be reliant on sole source supplies!” and the desire to establish multiple sources of food, medicine, and essential products, as well as re-engineer production so that shuttered businesses can pivot and provide needed services. Countries and communities are recognizing that they must have blended and balanced economies in order to weather pandemics, massive natural disasters, and conflicts. <br />
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From 2020 through 2022, the old supply chains will move from disarray to reconfiguration due to factory closures, raw materials shortages, insufficient quantities of the correct type and size of transportation and storage, labor shortages, protectionist walls of tariffs that seek to block exports of food, medicine, and strategic goods, critical shortages of spare parts, and asymmetrical collapses of demand.<br />
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So, while some industries will essentially cease operations, while others will be unable to achieve needed capacity to satisfy demand. Industries that will cease or at least greatly reduce operations will include oil and gas drilling and exploration, refining, air travel, hospitality, tourism, large-scale manufacturing.<br />
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<b>Investment: 2020-2022</b><br />
The vulnerabilities will be addressed by investing in local manufacturing to bolster local or regional food, medicine, transportation needs in order to avoid supply chain issues. Instead of a heavy reliance on Just-In-Time, there will be a new emphasis in the following:<br />
<ul>
<li>Small manufacturing, food processing, and storage</li>
<li>Water processing and storage</li>
<li>Flexible manufacturing (3D printing, etc.)</li>
<li>Pharmaceuticals precursors</li>
<li>Intermediary warehouses (can be repurposed Big Box stores and mall spaces)</li>
<li>Medical equipment and supplies</li>
<li>Equipment for work / live / study at home (computers, video cameras, productivity apps, arts and crafts supplies, dumbells & kettle bells & yoga mats)</li>
<li>Equipment for home and small acreage farming: equipment, seeds, hoop houses, green houses, etc.</li></ul>
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<b>Temporarily Repurposing to Prevent Hunger, Help Nations Recover</b><br />
Pandemic-devastated industries may survive by generating cash flow by pivoting into other operations. Industries that will cease or at least greatly reduce operations will include oil and gas drilling and exploration, refining, air travel, hospitality, tourism, large-scale manufacturing.<br />
<ul>
<li>Oil and gas exploration, production, transportation: Reuse equipment and capabilities; switch to generating electricity for on-site manufacturing / server farms</li>
<li>Pipe and valves? Now home gym equipment and gardening tools? </li>
<li>Refining: Switch to the grades where there are still needs in long-haul transportation and generators</li>
<li>Manufactured homes / structures for supervision? Pivot to greenhouses and gardening storage buildings</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tourism: Transform for safety? </li>
<li><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Air Travel: Convert to cargo? </li>
<li><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hospitality: Convert for flexible labor needs? Traveling workers? </li>
</ul>
<b>Selective Import Substitution and Avoiding Sole Source Suppliers</b><br />
In the past, import substitution was negatively viewed. Now selective import substitution offers a number of benefits: <br />
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•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Safety net for the supply chain<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Strategic reserve for critical food, energy, medical, equipment supplies<br />
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As a form of protectionism, import substitution was perceived as inefficient and ultimately too expensive for the consumers, and it also encouraged bloated, inefficient, and outdated local manufacturing. However, during and after a destructive and disruptive pandemic when the sole sources are no longer available, having at least 3 potential suppliers is vital. Having multiple sources of supply helps weather ongoing flare-ups of the pandemic, regional lockdowns, shortages of container ships or port facilities, lack of storage. Seeing the economic devastation caused by the pandemic, it becomes clear that without exception, all nations of the world are vulnerable. <br />
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<b>Using Technology to Improve Economies of Scale </b><br />
When some of the massive poultry and pork processing plants in the U.S. were forced to shut down due to a COVID-19 stricken workforce, a large percentage of the country’s meat / protein supply was placed in jeopardy. Compounding the problem was the fact that pork farmers had no place to send their mature animals and faced the possibility of having to slaughter them. Not only was this absolutely horrifying from a humane perspective, the fact that doing so would trigger shortages for late 2020 and early 2021 is a real possibility. What is the solution? Using distributed applications to transport the pigs, plus process them in alternative locations the key.<br />
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Economics of scale apply to marketing / distribution as well. For example, if you've recently pivoted and how market storage sheds instead of wellsite trailers, you can partner with larger distributor to get the word out. If you are now selling kettlebells and dumbbells for home gyms, you can market through Amazon as well as directly. You'll also need to work with someone for a social media blitz -- keep in mind that in today's global pandemic, social media presence is a "must."<br />
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In this case, we're looking at pork processing. However, it is just one example that could be modified and used for other industries:<br />
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<b><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>OPERATION PORKLIFT</b><br />
An intervention to help the pork processing plants that are having to shut down due to lack of a healthy labor force and safe conditions.<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Identify the beleaguered pork processing facilities<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Needs assessment: what do they need? Are substitute slaughterhouses needed?<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Alternative processing (will let people know when they have space for the pork)<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>On-demand transportation (Pork Lift)<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Warehousing (repurposed restaurants?)<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Alternative retail? (Insta Cart for Operation Pork Lift?)<br />
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<b>Rethinking Comparative Advantage</b><br />
We import from countries because they have comparative advantage and can produce goods so that the cost to import them, even with transportation and storage, costs less than to import the product.<br />
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For example, pineapples can be grown in Hawaii and shipped to stores in the continental U.S. for much less than it would cost to grow pineapples in a greenhouse. But, what happens if the ports are closed and there are no container ships to transport the pineapple? Then, comparative advantage falls apart.<br />
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For some foods and essential products that are in high demand, it is worthwhile to produce them at home, even though it is not always the lowest possible price. It is at that time, too, that countries that have gamed the system by manipulating their currencies or by subsidizing their exporting countries will begin to show their vulnerabilities.<br />
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Why have they played such an expensive game? Usually the short-run response is that they want to keep their labor force fully employed (and out of mischief), and the long-run end-game is to destroy the competition to result in being an oligopoly and being the sole-source vendor for which there is no substitute.<br />
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But, in a pandemic, the vulnerability makes countries very unwilling to rely on a sole source, particularly when it is a foreign country that could easily become extortionate. Perhaps this would not be the case for pineapples, but it certainly could be for important precursors to important / vital medicines such as antibiotics.<br />
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Countries that do not have balanced economies and rely on exports (primary products, manufactured goods), imports for intermediary goods (re-export), services (tourism, financial services, hospitality) are particularly negatively affected, and their unemployment numbers are staggeringly high. Without a blended and balanced economy, the unemployment can quickly become structural. <br />
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<b>Operation Rescue: Repurpose Existing Capacity, Rescue Economies from Sole Source and Sole Client Dependency</b><br />
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<i><b>Step 1: Needs Assessment: Identify “Pain Points” </b></i><br />
What are the most urgent needs that have the highest level of negative consequences?<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Food Supply</li>
<li><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cleaning supplies </li>
<li><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Medical supplies / oxygen equipment, etc. </li>
<li><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Labor supply // workers at the right skill level</li>
<li><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Clothing / shoes (especially for growing children)</li>
<li><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Car parts / truck parts / spare parts </li>
<li><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Farm and industrial equipment, etc – spare parts</li>
<li><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Construction equipment / building materials</li>
<li>Home work and study tools (computers, cameras, arts and crafts kits)</li>
<li>Home and small acreage gardening (tools, storage buildings, greenhouses, irrigation systems)</li>
<li>Industrial / commercial-scale disinfectants and sprays for grocery stores, essential services, and later for night-time disinfecting for all shared spaces</li>
<li>Home gyms (exercise equipment, dumbbells, kettle bells, yoga mats, balance balls)</li>
</ul>
<i><b>Step 2: Capacity Assessment (internal and external – starting with very proximal)</b></i><br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>a) inventory of what you have on hand<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>b) inventory of what you can get<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>c) inventory of what we would like to have<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>d) storage capacity (for storing other things?)<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>e) informal new warehouses? What can we use? Goodwill, empty Family Dollar, empty restaurants, mall stores, Tulsa Promenade, OKC Crossroads<br />
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<i><b>Step 3: Where are the most urgent needs, and what are the steps to get there? </b></i><br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Identify the need and propose local alternatives<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>What’s keeping it from happening?<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>What are people lacking?<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Substitutes<br />
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<i><b>Step 4: Proposing solutions</b></i><br />
<i>Short-term</i><br />
Identify and place in warehouses / identify substitutes and warehouse them / distribution. This is the stage for proposing solutions in general terms, to start envisioning where and how the solutions can be implemented.<br />
<br />
Challenge conventional wisdom!<br />
Challenge the “eternal verities” of economics, finance, human relations. Here are main categories:<br />
<ul>
<li>Labor Solutions</li>
<li>Transportation Solutions</li>
<li>Food supply solutions</li>
<li>Medical / pharmaceutical solutions</li>
<li>Home productivity solutions (work, study, gardening)</li>
<li>Home and small acreage gardening (home and urban gardens / coops)</li>
<li>Small scale food preservation (canning, drying, freezing solutions)</li>
<li>Storage solutions (freezers, refrigerators, small sheds for supplies)</li></ul>
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<i>Long-term</i><br />
<ul>
<li>Selective import substitution</li>
<li>2 or 3 contingency sources (adequate substitutes) for each product</li>
<li>Blended economy with imports, exports, manufacturing, and service </li>
<li>Improving economics of scale so that small factories are profitable</li>
<li>Rethinking comparative advantage: Small, local, flexible – now economic</li>
<li>Small-scale manufacturing that is flexible and near markets </li>
<li>Using machine learning / analytics to work with economies of scale</li>
<li>Flexible factories with 3D printing, adaptable manufacturing</li>
<li>Rethinking comparative advantage: Small, local, flexible to meet local needs quickly</li>
<li>Simple, easy-to-modify, accommodates multiple raw materials and substitutes</li>
</ul>
<i><b>Step 5: Selective import substitution and economies of scale</b></i><br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Which imports wreak the most havoc when they are unavailable? <br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Where can we use technology to make small scale operations more flexible and economic<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Where can we “export” our production ?? <br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Repurposing uneconomic / dormant capacity: if you have an oil industry processing / transportation, etc. – can you use these for other industries? The “survival industries”?<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Agility-Maker: Proactively develop contracts and agreements and MOUs for the “new” business arrangements; help be a facilitator and also negotiator … insurance, permits … what kind of package will this require?<br />
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<b>Selective import Substitution in the Informal Economy: The Mexican Drug Cartel Shakes its Dependence on Imported Precursors</b><br />
This is an intriguing example of how agile criminal networks can be. It is useful to study because if amoral (I would argue "immoral") organizations can innovate, so can positive, moral ones!<br />
<ul>
<li>Pharmaceutical precursors (now manufactured in India and China and exports are blocked) – setting up new pharmaceutical labs. </li>
<li>According to Ben Westhoff, author of Fentanyl, Inc. (2019), most precursors for cartel-traded methamphetamine and fentanyl comes from a now-shuttered state-supported chemical plant in Wuhan, China. </li>
</ul>
Drug cartels essentially ordered online and the chemicals were shipped to Mexico where they were processed into the kinds of street drugs (methamphetamine, fentanyl, “bath salts”) that plague the U.S. and Canada. Now, the cartels are hiring local chemists and setting up local labs to replace Wuhan supplies. They believe it is well worth the investment since, according to Logan Pauley, analyst at the Center for Advanced Defense Studies, the prices for the precursors have risen from 25% to 400% since late February 2020.<br />
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o<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Question: if the informal economy can be so agile, why can’t the legitimate formal economy follow suit, but do so for good, and not evil ???<br />
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•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Recycling / reusing containers: While blow-molding low density polyethylene facilities are expanded, and 3D printing centers expand, in the short run it is a good<br />
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<b><i>Step 6: Re-opening Recently Closed Larger-scale Manufacturing: </i></b><br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Which ones are most necessary, and where are their components coming from? Which plants can be reactivated? Are there any “old school” shuttered plants that can be opened back up—even though they may be circa 2012 or later? 2019?<br />
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<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Let’s look at every plant shut down in 2019 and see which ones we can open back up quickly. Granted, some will be obsolete, and the products may not be competitive in the world market, but if there is a local need, it is possible that the initial investment could be recovered in 18 or 24 months.<br />
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This is particularly true if supply chains continue to broken and there is worldwide protection of strategic or key products required for the survival of the people of a country.<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Manufacturing: tires, parts, HVAC, water processing, refrigeration units, gardening supplies, home fitness, etc.<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Food processing: packaging, desiccators, drying, etc.<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hospitals, motels, etc.: Multi-purpose for telemedicine centers, etc.<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pharmaceuticals: precursors for key medicines; delivery systems<br />
* Converting small buildings and manufacturing into storage sheds, greenhouses, home and small-acreage gardening supplies, home-based gyms<br />
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<b><i>Step 7: Temp-Army for Tyson’s (and other “make or break with labor” industries)</i></b><br />
With high unemployment, but still undetermined labor mobility (is housing available for temporary workers?), there is no need for crops to go unharvested, meat packing plants to be empty, or for key industries to shut down due to lack of healthy workers.<br />
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It must be pointed out as well that many unions and other groups use the pandemic as an opportunity to pressure management into capitulating and agreeing to increased pay, benefits, and work conditions. <br />
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•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Work Alert! app or repository for listing urgent, short-term labor needs<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Optimize labor mobility, and build redundancy in our system<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Reward the temp agencies for filling the vacancies<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bonuses for free agents<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Resolve labor disputes and unreasonableness on both sides<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Evaluate the workplace and modify it to make it safe<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Give the workers the equipment they need to be safe; and provide training (for example, installing a sneeze guard? Be sure to wipe it down with bleach at least 3 times a day!)<br />
* Obtain industrial-scale disinfectants<br />
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<b>General Suggestions for Co-Existing with COVID-19: </b><br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dealing with painful messages – maintain a solution-centered approach<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Communication skills – conflict resolution, accepting messages, listening, spacing out the information intake (step away & think about what you want to say)<br />
David Burns – the “Feeling Good” book and the “Feeling Good Handbook” …<br />
Evaluations and “look back” studies – learn from our challenges<br />
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<b>General Needs / products</b><br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mask Dispensers for places of business<br />
Electrostatic cleaning for quick, effective disinfecting<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Don’t have a mask? Buy one here for one little dollar bill! (or credit card or Apple Pay or Venmo or CashApp)<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Selective use of cobots for the most high-risk part<br />
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<b>Food Supply Chain:</b><br />
Crops: Planting & harvesting<br />
Food processing:<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Transportation: Getting the pigs to the processing plant? Getting milk to the cheese factory?<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Milk-Moove<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>PorkLift<br />
•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Food-Move (match the specialized transport with the need & look at what can be adapted from other industries) …<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<br />susan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220609.post-18525429234593754672020-03-08T20:50:00.003-05:002022-04-13T23:14:45.938-05:00Brief Poems: Cattle on a Hill<a href="http://www.zenzebra.net/podcasts/cattle-on-a-hill.mp3" target="_blank">Podcast: click here.</a><br />
<br />
<b>OAK TREES</b><br />
<br />
<br />
They cling to their dry crackly hopes and misplaced modesty:<br />
Leaves that will not fall.<br />
<br />
They endeavor to create an illusion of solidity and sempiternal life<br />
Yet they simply transmit a message of never letting go.<br />
<br />
Whether that is good or bad<br />
I will never know.<br />
<br />
<br />
Norman, Oklahoma<br />
March 7, 2020<br />
<br />
<b>************************</b><br />
<b>CATTLE ON A HILL</b><br />
<br />
<br />
They are eating the tough dry grass of winter.<br />
It fills their mouths but perhaps not their minds<br />
except to remind them what it does not have:<br />
stick-to-the-ribs grains and blossoming flowers.<br />
<br />
And on a beige carpet<br />
Jackson Pollock working with weeds, not paint:<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>dribbles of cocklebur, butterfly milkweed, hoary alyssum<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>and a poke sallet banner bending in the wind --<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hail, Spring!<br />
<br />
The greening of the fields<br />
makes my heart beat fast with joy<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>but I must remember –<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>the first greens are always the most deadly.<br />
<br />
<br />
March 6, 2020<br />
Norman, OK<br />
<br />
******************<br />
<b>BRADFORD PEARS </b><br />
<br />
<br />
The first few days of March<br />
come and go<br />
in a whirlwind of the mind<br />
when nothing seems to stick<br />
to the bare trees of memory<br />
until overnight white and curiously odorous<br />
flower clouds fly up<br />
<br />
punctuate the wordless<br />
timidly deciduous trees<br />
so that the idea of a message<br />
with its contradictions of beauty<br />
and a noxious scent<br />
<br />
sends a message of reality<br />
rather than idealizing gazes<br />
<br />
<br />
March 7, 2020<br />
Norman, OK<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMaLO7wQp93Xb1UBg68ox4bX4eGOd4dwBo6OK0ZQxNQHKamh7w1qiT-bPby2HXU5ITZOjLdKAOVWPMGqH7Q40cQ-VonCPl8BoM-bAC1C3bcNmP4LOGPjiKXLgH_3ZGgRMadZhx/s1600/japanese-pears.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMaLO7wQp93Xb1UBg68ox4bX4eGOd4dwBo6OK0ZQxNQHKamh7w1qiT-bPby2HXU5ITZOjLdKAOVWPMGqH7Q40cQ-VonCPl8BoM-bAC1C3bcNmP4LOGPjiKXLgH_3ZGgRMadZhx/s320/japanese-pears.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bradford Pear Trees in Oklahoma</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
********************************<br />
<br />
<b>THE WAGES OF LIFE</b><br />
<br />
<br />
Cedars burned by a prairie fire<br />
two or three years now gone by now<br />
<br />
half-naked skeletons<br />
draped in scorched rags<br />
<br />
their ash quaffed by the wind<br />
<br />
somewhere between<br />
desire and fear<br />
<br />
<br />
march 7, 2020<br />
norman, oklahoma<br />
<br />
<br />
****************************<br />
<b>WE, THE SHEEP</b><br />
<br />
<br />
A field of sheep<br />
A field of sleep<br />
<br />
Those odd, square-shaped ponds<br />
Storing oil pumped from shallow wells<br />
<br />
The oil field below rumbling into a gusher<br />
Men covered in mud and sweat<br />
<br />
Those were the days<br />
Oh yes, they were<br />
<br />
Joy and infinite potential<br />
Long before we knew –<br />
<br />
a lake of oil<br />
a lake of pain<br />
<br />
From the highway, I see<br />
nubbins of wool<br />
<br />
knobs of cedars<br />
and a field<br />
<br />
drifting off to sleep<br />
<br />
March 7, 2020<br />
Norman, Oklahoma<br />
<br />
<br />susan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220609.post-39769100331764763342020-03-08T13:24:00.001-05:002024-02-16T17:48:47.766-06:00I Will Keep You Safe<a href="http://www.zenzebra.net/podcasts/I-will-keep-you-safe.mp3" target="_blank">Podcast</a>. Link to recording.<br />
<br />
In 1887, a small woman with delicate features sailed with 14 families to Paraguay to establish the “Nueva Germania,” something that began as a grand utopian experiment, but in the end had fewer than 100 settlers. The doll-like charismatic leader was Elisabeth Forster-Nietzsche, the sister of Friedrich Nietzsche. Friedrich had already written <i>The Birth of Tragedy, On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense, Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks, Untimely Meditations, Human, All Too Human, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Beyond Good and Evil,</i> and <i>On the Genealogy of Morality.</i> But, almost no one had read the work. Two years later, Friedrich was to collapse, foaming language no one cared to hear. He was deemed mentally diseased due to tertiary syphilus (never actually confirmed) and treated with mercury, which did, in fact negatively affect his mind and his body. Friedrich was essentially incarcerated in a mental hospital. He lived until the year 1900, the birth of the 20th century, which his ideas (mediated by Elisabeth, who edited, organized, and promoted) so deeply shaped. When Friedrich collapsed, Elisabeth was still in Paraguay in her doomed utopian experiment.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<br />
*******<br />
Her face, tender and sweet like a model in a Northern Renaissance genre painting depicting life in the home, gazed imploringly to the knot of true believers gathered in the building sturdily constructed of red <i>quebracho</i>, its tannins permeating the humid air with a pleasant, woody cologne. They sat on benches made of the bottle-shaped <i>samuú</i>, and many held small cups carved from cow horns, from which they sipped through a metal <i>bombilla </i>a cool infusion of <i>tereré</i>, a mildly stimulating tea made from yerba mate. <br />
<br />
Elisabeth was unrepentant. Nueva Germania was not thriving, but it had, at any rate, allowed the true believers to escape the foul miasma of Europe that was infecting most of the tiny German principalities with endless, internecine war.<br />
<br />
“When the sickness has passed, we will go back,” said Elisabeth. She had not intended the sojourn to be a temporary quarantine. She and her husband, Bernhard Forster, intended it to be a model for the world of racial purity and the supremacy of German culture. But, potatoes rotted in the soil and their innocence about sand flies resulted in terrible infections. <br />
<br />
“Last year, before dear Bernhard, passed away,” said Elisabeth, solemnly euphemizing the death by suicide by her partner and fellow ideologue, “He told me that we must go back to Germany with the truth, and I made a sacred promise to share our truths with the world.”<br />
<br />
Elisabeth had in her possession the few published copies of Friedrich’s work. Word had reached her that he was ill, and her heart ached to go back and make all his, her brother’s, and her true believers’ pain and sacrifice meaningful in the world. <br />
<br />
Above all, her own. <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<br />
Heinrich Raus took a long cooling sip of tereré, and as he did so, the afternoon rain began, with thunderclaps.<br />
<br />
“I don’t think we’ll go back. Once we switched from potatoes to mandioca, and we learned to take a siesta during the heat of the day, and also to raise the floors up from the ground, things were good,” he said. <br />
<br />
What he did not say is that his soul resonated with the ghost of the soldiers killed in the Triple Alliance War, and he, too, had felt the presence of the luisón, the werewolf creature who feasted on the dead, and he saw all around him the impact of the Pombero, the trickster creature, who loved nothing more than to sneak in during the siesta and have his way with young women. <br />
<br />
Sex and Death. Eros and Thanatos. <br />
<br />
The ideas were boiling in the <i>zeitgeist </i>even before Freud, and Elisabeth’s dear brother’s passionate writings about the Dionysian in literature. In Paraguay, in Nueva Germania, they were living, breathing, sweating, and streaming with the rain of an afternoon. <br />
<br />
“The outside world has suffered from diseases. The outside world IS a disease,” she said softly. Her true believers paid more attention when she spoke in tones between a whisper and a lullaby. <br />
<br />
Her eyes slowly filled with tears. Was it her fault that dear Bernhard took his own life? She suspected it was so. Was it her fault that Friedrich had collapsed and was being considered mentally ill? She suspected it was so. She was altogether too weak, too undisciplined, and her ideas about a better world only ricocheted from side to side inside the skulls of those she loved. <br />
<br />
“Come with me, or not. It is up to you. But you know how I kept you safe while the whole world around us roiled and twisted with a murderous disease. And so, I will keep you safe.”<br />
<br />
********<br />
Elisabeth sailed alone back to Germany. Her true believers stayed behind in Nueva Germania, clinging to the safety of Bernhard’s beliefs in the superiority of the German race and culture, even as they planted <i>mandioca </i>and <i>yerba mate</i>, and slowly changed their language to a blend of Guaraní. Each succeeding “pure” generation was increasingly deformed and mentally impaired. <br />
<br />
**********<br />
“Oh, Friedrich!” cried Elisabeth when she saw her brother unable to get out of bed for days on end. “I will help you with your books, and we will make sure that you live on.”<br />
<br />
Friedrich closed his eyes and imagined a self-designed modern Leviathan, many steps removed from the self-limiting monarch described by Hobbes. Elisabeth closed her eyes and imagined a Superman constructed from the building blocks of hate and fear, each block a chunk of a terrified citizen’s heart. <br />
<br />
“Keep them afraid,” she said to herself. She turned quietly to Friedrich and laid a soft, doll-like hand on his arm. Her other hand rested on a pile of his books and manuscripts. What failed in Paraguay could prevail here in Europe, she vowed. <br />
<br />
“I will keep you safe,” she said. <br />
<br />
Somewhere in Paraguay in the light of the full moon, the pure evil of the luisón, the werewolf devourer of souls, glowed cool blue eyes. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />susan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220609.post-76044330969142392972019-09-30T07:42:00.000-05:002019-09-30T11:40:42.852-05:00Philosophical Foundations of Romanticism: A Quick LookA philosophical definition of Romanticism is very useful when taking a look at the paintings, poetry, and novels of the Romantic movement. While Classicism was focused on the structure of the work, and emphasized tenets of balance, equilibrium and structure, Romanticism focuses on unity, transcendence, and the individuals perception and response.<br />
<br />
F. W. J. von Schelling profoundly influenced artists, writers, and architects with his philosophical writings, which encouraged intense, subjective engagement with reality, and encouraged immersion in nature in order to achieve a transcendental experience. He argued that one can discover essential truths about reality, nature, and even one’s own identity by a close study of nature. In many ways, his work was a continuation of the kind of neoplatonism one might see in Renaissance writing such as Sir Philip Sidney’s “A Defense of Poesie.” <br />
<br />
For Schelling, the “absolute” was a union of the subjective and objective, which, in the case of painting and literature, makes subjective perception more important than the objective reality, in that the objective elements form a frame, or a scaffolding, while the subjective response is where the true meaning-making process takes place. So, the agreed-upon common elements – the objective structure (in a painting, the elements, in a poem, the prosody) – provide the base and foundation. The meaning-making process is what occurs as the writer or artist adds aspects that trigger a response in the reader, and establish a kind of unity which elevates the reader to a comprehension of the larger, more universal concepts, and insights / knowledge. This moment is often characterized as “divine.”<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaaBYkfoMJC_s6JpppcY9kCRfPD-t0Ns2BrbeBVpB8wZ4-xM3jji9uRs0t6C2ulsrdWc32z_CRHoA_7a6yYunuXjawUb8y-gYwfrZpRcmY4aAqFBLzQDPWJ3w13g1VwFv5iB0x/s1600/thomas-cole-ruined-tower.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="606" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaaBYkfoMJC_s6JpppcY9kCRfPD-t0Ns2BrbeBVpB8wZ4-xM3jji9uRs0t6C2ulsrdWc32z_CRHoA_7a6yYunuXjawUb8y-gYwfrZpRcmY4aAqFBLzQDPWJ3w13g1VwFv5iB0x/s320/thomas-cole-ruined-tower.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Thomas Cole - romantic landscape with ruined tower</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Emmanual Kant’s writings about the concept of a transcendental ego, which builds knowledge from sensory perceptions which then are processed in a mind that has prepared itself with universal concepts and categories, has much in common with Schelling. In fact, one could look to Kant for an explanation of the mechanism at work in Romanticism. What are those categories or universals that we must learn and have in place in order to construct truly moving and timeless art? What are the most effective perceptions for creating a sense of transcendental knowledge? How are they best communicated? All these questions were addressed, and more, as more artists, writers, and philosophers embraced the new power that Romanticism gave them. <br />
<br />
Romanticism was popular and powerful because it posited that individual interpretation mattered and was meaningful. In fact, the more unique and individual your perception, the more valuable it might be in being able to tease out the ultimate meanings of life, the universe, the divine, and our relationship to it. <br />
<br />
Core to the Kant and Schelling’s work was that the nature of reality, God, and existence itself could be understood through a close analysis of nature. Far from simply creating observations and filing them away in Aristotelian or Linnaean fashion, a Romantic (influenced by Kant, Schelling, and later Hegel) would let his or her mind make connections in juxtapositions, oppositions, and in extremes. He or she would also seek the guidance of one’s emotions or produced mood to further structure meaning.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu6wFZA1QZgf7Cs7w48jTZ7v1LCEGwLf6NqVSlypnm4LFYwzZ8UK46Yr-4SlDV6g-0vo-POixPZOajysbkUXVwRkmJbQMIAv3Yg2cyDZi7RX-P1jegBW6GLMSqjNg4pCNJdNxF/s1600/john+trumbull.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="808" data-original-width="1280" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu6wFZA1QZgf7Cs7w48jTZ7v1LCEGwLf6NqVSlypnm4LFYwzZ8UK46Yr-4SlDV6g-0vo-POixPZOajysbkUXVwRkmJbQMIAv3Yg2cyDZi7RX-P1jegBW6GLMSqjNg4pCNJdNxF/s320/john+trumbull.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Romantic Landscape by John Trumbull</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
While the freedom and individualism accorded the artist and the writer by means of Romantic philosophy and transcendental Romanticism were often euphoria-producing, the essential problem was in the evaluation of Romantic output. If you measure the value of a work by the way it makes you feel, the thoughts it triggers, and the insights that you personally experience vis-à-vis your own life experiences, then your evaluation is likely to be idiosyncratic and unique. <br />
<br />
What is “good” in a world where standards are subjective? Either one values something by the intensity of the sensation it produces, which could easily start to degrade itself into something degenerate, or it’s essentially assessed by consensus. In many cases, the supporters of Romantic work were patrons who were able to indulge their individual taste. <br />
<br />
Since the value of Romantic writing was often measured in the level of “sensation” it produced, an entire genre of novels emerged. Coming from the Gothic tradition, and known as “sensation” or “sensational” novels, the readers were drawn into dark webs of passion, secrets, hidden treasures, addictions, concealed evil intent, and the threat to innocents and the good. Wilkie Collins, Mrs. Henry Wood, and Mary Elizabeth Braddon were masters of the sensation novel. <br />
<br />susan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220609.post-42778749649062423932019-09-30T07:25:00.002-05:002019-09-30T11:41:42.193-05:00History, Fables, Richard III, and a Patron Saint Day<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
Narrative poetry, prose, and paintings that tell us about history are constructed in order to teach, persuade, and instruct, and thus they have a very close relationship to poetry, especially the fables and epic poems. <br />
<br />
That at least is what Sir Francis Bacon wrote in “The Advancement of Learning” published in 1605. I wonder if he was considering how Elizabethan narratives were actively legitimizing Elizabeth I’s right to rule. The Tudors were lionized. The Plantagenets, be they Yorks or Lancasters, were demonized. Shakespeare’s<i> Richard III </i>was considered by those who watched it to be absolutely faithful to reality. Now we know, thanks to uncovering Richard III’s skeleton when digging and constructing a car park, that his scoliosis was pretty minor, and he was in no way the twisted hunchback the play portrays him. His personality was said to mirror his physical appearance. Another exaggeration? A downright lie? It is possible. <br />
<br />
I think it’s quite fascinating that Sir Francis Bacon clearly sets out a “social construction of history” (which is just a hair away from “social construction of reality”), and anticipates much of the rather earth-shattering philosophical shifts of the 1960s and 1970s. <br />
<br />
I love Francis Bacon’s <i>The New Atlantis</i> (published in 1626 after his death), which includes the notion that scientists and knowledge-workers are “merchants of light.” “Light” is science or “natural philosophy” – he says it so well that there is no reason whatsoever to elaborate. I just love it. <br />
<br />
<a href="https://youtu.be/Wiv8q5pXtzM">https://youtu.be/Wiv8q5pXtzM</a><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Wiv8q5pXtzM/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Wiv8q5pXtzM?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<br />
<br />
I’ve been trying to replicate the way I used to write in the mid to late 1990s with little or no success. I have just changed. I’ve been digging through old journals and I feel depressed that I no longer have the ability to write anguished and philosophically vexed poetry or prose poems. I’ve been writing a lot, but it has been with a view to clarify rather than obfuscate. If I’m obfuscatory, it’s unintentional, whereas it was intentional before. I was obsessed with “limit experiences” and mystical dark nights of the soul. Now I am not. I fear aging and lack of mobility. <br />
<br />
******************************************<br />
PATRON SAINT DAY: SAN MIGUEL EL ALTO, JALISCO<br />
<br />
You found another way to say it. <br />
I did not. <br />
Your words were pink, dusty cantera pulled from an impossible quarry<br />
a fountain? a statue of St. Michael? A grape-strewn pillar?<br />
my eye sees none of those possibilities<br />
hoofbeats clattering at dawn<br />
<br />
Four colonial baroque churches San Miguel El Alto <br />
rosy pink cantera walls and stunning domes<br />
industrious, proud, peninsulares married amongst themselves<br />
<br />
now after centuries, the same dark eyes, distinctive noses<br />
slim hips, long lives<br />
preserving the Spanish heritage<br />
Patron Saint days in September<br />
bullfights and blood in the sand<br />
music in the streets<br />
Spanish <i>pan dulce</i> supplanting tortillas<br />
<br />
Tonight, at the edge of the largest church<br />
a thin young man ascends the “castillo”<br />
the hand-built fireworks frame<br />
gangling legs spider up the wire-frame ladder<br />
half-smoked cigarette burning like a red eye<br />
he touches the tip to the fuses<br />
fiery kisses that could kill<br />
<br />
The Castillo and the Cathedral divine light<br />
golden lamps and showers of sparks<br />
Virgin Mary, sacred hearts<br />
flying crowns, rocketing to heaven <br />
or the oblivion of night<br />
<br />
Faith, faith, holding my hands in unconscious prayer<br />
no one ever will be burned<br />
<br />
A tuba, a trumpet, and a hoarse whisper of Bruno LaTour<br />
“nothing is real any more”<br />
nostalgia? sadness?<br />
<br />
or the belief that this night only<br />
and only this night<br />
<br />
fiery chthonic heart<br />
illuminating this stop on the Camino Real<br />
colonial road from the mines of Zacatecas <br />
to Mexico City<br />
<br />
is real<br />
as if anything ever were real<br />
<br />
**<br />
Sigh. <br />
<br />
Today was a game day. I was exhausted and took a three hour nap. I did not bother to check the score. Now I will make a trek across town and visit my dad. I may eat part of a grapefruit before I set out. <br />
<br />susan smith nashhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06359124978277153789noreply@blogger.com0